Checkmate (often abbreviated to mate ) is the game's position in chess and games like other chess where the player's king is in check (threatened with capture ) and there is no way to remove the threat. Assessing the opponent won the game.
In the game of chess, the king is never arrested - the game ends soon after the king is defeated. In the formal game, most players resign a game that must be lost before being checked. Usually considered bad etiquette to continue playing in a position that is completely hopeless.
If a player is not in check but has no legal steps, then it is dead end , and the game ends up drawing. Step pengekasan recorded in algebraic notation using hash symbol "#", for example: 34.Qg7 #.
Video Checkmate
Example
A skakmat can occur in at least two movements on one side with all the sections still on board (as in the Fool pair, in the opening phase of the game), in the middle position (as in game 1956 called Game) Ages between Donald Byrne and Bobby Fischer), or after many moves with at least three pieces in the final position.
Maps Checkmate
Etymology
The term checkmate is, according to the Barnhart Etymological Dictionary, the change of the Persian phrase "sh? Hm? T" ( ??? ??? ?) which means, literally, "King is helpless". Persian "m? T" applies to the king but in Sanskrit "m? Ta", also pronounced "m? T", applied to his kingdom "traversed, measured across, and dropped" thoroughly by his opponent; "m? ta" is the past participle of "m?" root words. Others argue that it means "King is dead", because chess reaches Europe through the Islamic world, and Arabic m? Ta ( ????? ?) Means "dead" or "dead". However, in Pashto (the Iranian language), the word m? T ( ??? ) still exists, meaning "crushed, broken".
Moghadam traces the etymology of the word mate . It comes from the Persian verb mandan ( ????? ?), Which means " to remain ", which is cognate with Latin mane? and Greek men? ( ???? , which means "I remain"). It means "to remain" in the sense of "abandonment" and formal translation "shocked", in the military sense of "ambushed". sheikh ( ??? ?) is an Arabic word for kings. Players will announce "Sheikh" when the king is checking. The Arabic adjective for "helplessness" is dead, or "defeated" ("Persian") is an Arabic adjective for "helplessness" that is dead, or "defeated". So the king in mate when he was ambushed, confused, helpless, defeated, or abandoned for his fate.
In modern Arabic, the word mate describes a person who has died with his mouth open, staring, confused, and unresponsive. Stunned or stunned words have a close correlation. So the possible alternative is to interpret the couple as unable to respond. A king is a couple (shaykh) then means, a king can not respond which will be in accordance with no response that the king can do against the final step of their opponent. This interpretation is much closer to the original intent of the game which is not to kill a king but to leave it without a proper response other than to surrender which, better fits the origin story described in Shahnameh.
In modern language, the term skakmat is a metaphor for an irrefutable and strategic victory.
History
In the early Sanskrit chess ( c. 500-700) the king can be caught and this ends the game. Persia (c. 700-800) introduced the idea of ​​warning that the king was attacked (announcing check in modern terminology). This is done to avoid the end of the game is premature and unintentional. Later the Persians added an additional rule that a king can not be moved for inspection or abandonment. As a result, the king can not be arrested, and the check is the only decisive way to end the game.
Before about 1600, the game can also be won by capturing all pieces of the opponent, leaving only a naked king. This game style is now called annihilation or robado . In the Middle Ages, players began to think it was better to win with the scheme, so that annihilation would be a temporary half-winnings, until it was abandoned.
Two main sections
Two main pieces (queens or rooks) can easily force skak on the rising edge. The process is to place two sections next to rank or < span title = "View the entry in: Glossary chess Ã,§ file"> file and gradually force the king to the side of the board, where one piece keeps the king on the edge of the board while the other gives a check. In the illustration, white checks by forcing the black king to the edge, one line at a time. The same process can also be used to perform a checklist with two rooks, or with two queens.
Basic supplies
There are four fundamental checkmates when one side only has kings and the other side has only a minimum is required for forcing the checks, ie (1) one queen, (2) one castle, (3) two bishops in the opposite colored box, or (4) a bishop and a knight. The king should help solve all these schemes. If the superior side has more material, then the skakmat is easier.
The quakmat with the queen is the most common, and the easiest to achieve. This often happens after the pawn has become queen. A skakma with a castle is also common, but checkmates with two bishops or with bishops and knights only occur relatively rarely. The two bishops' skippers are quite easy to do, but the skipal bishops and knights are difficult and in need of care.
King and queen
The first two diagrams show the representation of a basic skacmatic position with a queen, which can occur on any board edge. Naturally, the exact position may vary from the diagram. In the first position of the skakmat, the queen is right in front of the opponent king and the white king protects the queen. In the second check position, kings are in opposition and the queen of friends on rank ( or file ) of the king.
With a side with a moving queen, the squad can be forced at least ten movements from its initial position, with optimal play by both sides, but usually less movement is required. In a position where pion has just been promoted to a queen, at least nine movements are needed.
In the position on the left, White checkmates by limiting the black king to the rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to force the king to the edge of the board:
- 1. Qf6 Kd5 2. Qe7 Kd4 3. Kc2 Kd5 4. Kc3 Kc6 5. Kc4 Kb6 6. Qd7 Ka6 7. Qb5 Ka7 8. Kc5 Ka8 9. Kc6 Ka7 10. Qb7 # .
Avoid the deadlock
The superior side should be careful not to encounter a dead end on the opposing king, while the defender wants to enter into such a position. There are two common types of impasse positions that can occur, which should be avoided by stronger parties.
King and fort
The first diagram shows the basic skakmat position with the castle, which can occur on each edge of the board. The black king can be in the square on the edge of the board, the white king opposes it, and the castle can check from square in rank or file (assuming that it can not be caught). The second diagram shows a slightly different position in which the kings are not in opposition but the defending king must be on the corner.
With the side with the castle to move, the skakmat can be forced in at most sixteen steps from the starting position. Again, see Wikibooks - Chess/The Endgame for a demonstration of how kings and fort versus king pal achieve.
At the third diagram position, White checkmates by limiting the black king to the rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to force the king to the edge of the board:
- 1. Kd3 Kd5 2. Re4 Kd6 3. Kc4! Kc6 4. Re6 Kc7 5. Kc5 Kd7 6. Kd5 Kc7 7. Rd6 Kb7 8. Rc6 Ka7 9. Kc5 Kb7 10. Kb5 Ka7 11. Rb6 Ka8 12. Kc6 Ka7 13. Kc7 Ka8 14. Ra6 # ( second checkmate position, played).
Avoid the deadlock
There are two dead end positions:
King and two bishops
Here are two basic skakmat positions with two bishops (in the opposite colored box), which can happen in every corner. (Two or more bishops of the same color, which can happen because of the underpromotion pawn, can not skakmat.) The first is a skakmat in the corner. The second position is skakmat on the side of the square next to the square corner. With the side with the bishops to move, the skakmat can be forced in at most nineteen moves. If the side with the bishop is moving, they can force the checkbox except in some very rare positions.
It was not too difficult for the two bishops to force the skakmat, with the help of their king. Two principles apply:
- The bishops are the best when they are near the center of the board and on the adjacent diagonal. This cuts the opponent's king.
- The king should be used aggressively, along with the bishops.
In the position of Seirawan, White wins by first forcing the black king to the side of the board, then to the corner, and then checking out. It can be on every side of the board and any angle. The process is:
- 1. Ke2 Ke4 (Black tries to keep its king near the center) 2. Be3 Ke5 (forcing the king back, often done) 3 Kd3 Kd5 4. Bd4 Ke6 5. Ke4 Kd6 (Black tries a different approach to stay near the center) 6. Bc4 (White has a good position, centralized bishops and kings active) 6... Kc6 (Black avoid towards side) 7. Ke5 Kd7 (Black tries to avoid angle -8) 8. Bd5 ( keep the black king dead c6) 8... Kc7 9. Bc5 Kd7 10. Bd6! (an important step that forces the king to the edge of the board) 10... Ke8 (Black still avoids bend) 11. Ke6 (now the black king can not get out of the board) 11... Kd8 12. Bc6 (forcing the king towards the corner) 12... Kc8 (The Black King is limited to c8 and d8; a7 and b7) 13. Kd5 (13. Ke7? is a deadlock) 13... Kd8 14. Kc5 Kc8 15. Kb6 Kd8 (now White should allow the king to move to the corner) 16. Bc5 Kc8 17. Be7! (an important step that forces the king into the corner) 17... Kb8 18. Bd7! (the same principle as the previous step) 18... Ka8 19. Bd8 (White must make a motion that gives the tempo; this is a step like that, along with Bc5, Bf8, Be6 , or Ka6) 19... Kb8 20. Bc7 Ka8 21. Bc6 # (as the first diagram in this section).
Note that this is not the shortest forced squad of this position. MÃÆ'¼ller and Lamprecht provide a fifteen-step solution, but it contains an inaccurate step by Black (according to tablebase endgame).
Avoid the deadlock
One example of deadlock is this position, where 1. Kb6 (marked with x) will meet a dead end.
King's span id = "King, _bishop_and_knight"> King, bishop and knight
From the basic scooters, this is the most difficult to be forced, because these two parts can not form a linear barrier to the enemy king from a distance. Also, the checklist can be forced only in the corner controlled by the bishop.
Two basic checkmate positions are shown by a bishop and a warrior, or bishop and knight of a skakmat. The first position is the skakmat by the bishop, with the black king in the corner. The bishop can be in another box along the diagonal, the king and the white knight must be in the box that attacks g8 and h7. The second position is the skakmat by the knight, with the black king on the side of the square next to the corner. The knight can be in another box that checks the black king. The white king must be in the square to protect the bishop and cover the square that is not covered by the knights.
By siding with bishops and knights to move, the scheme can be forced into at most thirty-three movements from any starting position, except those who initially defended the kings initially accompany bishops and knights and are unlikely to retain both. However, the mating process requires an accurate game, as some mistakes can result in a good draw with a fifty step or deadlock rule.
Opinion is different, whether a player must learn the procedure of this skakmat or not. James Howell eliminates the checklist with two bishops in his book because it is rare but includes bishops and knights of skakmat. Howell says that he has had it three times (always on the defending side) and it happens more often than to check with two bishops. On the other hand, Jeremy Silman inserted the skakmat with two bishops, but not the bishop plus the skakmat knight because he had just experienced it and his friend, John Watson, never owned it. Silman said:
... mastering it will take a lot of time. Should he expect chess to actually spend much of his valuable time set aside to learn chess learning endgame he will achieve (at most) only once or twice in his life?
Avoid the deadlock
This position is an example of a deadlock, from late 1966 endgame study by A. H. Branton. White just moved 1. Na3 . If Black moves 1... Kc1 then White must move his bishop to save it because if the bishop is captured , the position is a draw because insufficient material rules. But after every bishop moved, his position was deadlocked.
General checks
Re-ranked pair
A back-rank checkmate is a mat sketched by a rook or queen along the back row (ie, a row where pieces [not pawns] stand at the beginning of the game) in which the mated king can not ride on the board because the king is blocked by pieces friendly (usually pawn) in the second rank. An example of a reverse rating scrap is shown in the diagram. It is also known as the couples corridor .
Scholar pairs
The Scholar's Mate (also known as the four-move checkmate) is the scope achieved by the movement:
- 1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6? 4. Qxf7 #
Moves may be played in a different order or a little variation, but the basic idea is the same: the queen and the bishop join in a simple marriage attack on f7 (or f2 if Black does a mate). There is also another way to perform the checklist in four steps.
Stupid friends
Fool's Mate, also known as "Two-Move Checkmate", is probably the fastest checkmate. The main example consists of movement:
- 1. f3 e5 2. g4 Qh4 #
produce the indicated position. (The pattern may have slight variations, for example White might play f2-f4 rather than f2-f3 or move the g-pawn first, and Black might play e7-e6 instead of e7-e5.)
Watered friend
The strangled pair is the mat that is delivered by the knight in which the mated king can not move because it is surrounded (or refined ) by its own sheet.
His partner is usually seen on the corner of the board, as fewer pieces are required to surround the king there. The most common form of distressed pairs is seen in adjacent diagrams. The knight on f7 gives the pair to the king on the h8 which is prevented from passing inspection by the castle on g8 and pawn in g7 and h7. Similarly, White can be mated with a white king in h1 and a knight in f2. The analog pair on a1 and a8 is much rarer, because kingside The caster is more common because it safely locates the king is closer to the corner than if the castle occurs on queenside .
Checks rarely
In some rare positions it is possible to force the skakmat with kings and knights versus kings and pawns.
Pair Stamma
In the diagram shows the couple Stamma (named Philipp Stamma), White to move win:
- 1. Nb4 Ka1 2. Kc1 a2 3. Nc2 #
White also wins if Black moves first:
- 1... Ka1 2. Nc1 a2 3. Nb3 #
This skakmat has taken place, see the match between Jesus Nogueiras and Maikel Gongora from the 2001 Cuban Championships, (see diagram) that continues:
- 81. Kc2 Ka1 82. Nc5 Ka2
Jika 82... a2 lalu 83.Nb3 #
- 83. Nd3
Reach the position on the first diagram, with Black moving.
- 83... Ka1 84. Nc1
Black resigns here, but the game will continue:
- 84... a2 85. Nb3 #
The same position as the knights on d2 is over 500 years, identified as "Partito n. 23" by Luca Pacioli, in his book MS De ludo scachorum (Latin for "Chess Game"), dated 1498 and recently reprinted (Gli scacchi) by Aboca Museum Edizioni.
- 1. Nf3 Ka1 2. Nd4 Ka2 3. Ne2 Ka1 4. Nc1 a2 5. Nb3 #
Unusual pair
There is also a position where a king and a knight can examine a king and a bishop, a knight, or a fortress; or a king and a bishop may check a king with a bishop on the color of another box or with a knight, but the skakmat can not be imposed if there is no other material on the board (see diagram for some examples). Nevertheless, it makes this material combination of ruled draws because "mating material is not enough "or" impossibility of the checklist "under the FIDE chess rule. The rules of the US Chess Federation are different. In a typical position with small part versus small piece, player will be able to claim a draw if he has limited time remaining.
Two and three knights
- Two knights
It is impossible to force a checkmate with a king and two knights, even if the position of a checkmate is possible (see first diagram). In the second diagram, if Black plays 1... Ka8? White can do the checklist with 2. Nbc7 # , but Black can play 1... Kc8 and escape from threats. The defender's task is easy - he just has to avoid moving to a position where he can be ruled out in the next step, and he always has other steps available in such situations.
On the third diagram, a knight keeps c1, leaving another knight to try to do the check. After 1. Ndc3 Ka1 , White must get the knight in e2 to c2. But if White plays 2. Nd4 , Black stops.
Under certain circumstances, two knights and a king can force checkmates against kings and pawns (or rarely pawns). The victory plan, quite difficult to implement in practice, is to block enemy pawn (s) with one of the knights, maneuver the enemy king into a dead end position, then bring the other knights up to check. (See the two endgame knights.)
- Three knights
Three knights and a king can force allies against a single king in twenty steps (assuming that a single king can not quickly win a knight). This situation is generally seen only in chess problems, because at least one of the knights must be a promoted part, and there is rarely any reason to promote the pawn to a part other than the queen (see below).
See also
References
Bibliografi
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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