Dental material

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Dental materials are specially made materials, designed for use in dentistry. There are many different types of dental materials, and their characteristics vary according to their intended purpose. Examples include temporary dressings, dental restorations (fillings, crowns, bridges), endodontic materials (used in root canal therapy), impression materials, prosthetic materials (dentures), dental implants, and many others.

Video Dental material

Dressing sementara

Temporary dressings are dental fillings that are not meant to last in the long term. They are temporary materials that may have therapeutic properties. A common use of temporary dressings occurs when root canal therapy is performed more than one appointment. In between each visit, the pulp channel system must be protected from contamination from the oral cavity, and temporary filling is placed in the access cavity. Examples include:

• Zinc oxide of eugenol - bactericidal, cheap and easy to remove. Eugenol is derived from Clove oil, and has an abundant effect on teeth and reduces toothache. This is a transient material that matches with no biting power on it. It is also contraindicated if the final restorative material is composite because eugenol adversely affects the bonding/polymerization process, also, when applied directly to the pulp tissue, may produce chronic inflammation and produce pulp necrosis. Brand examples: Kalzinol, Sedanol.

Maps Dental material

Cements

Tooth cement is most often used to bind indirect restorations such as crowns to the surface of natural teeth. Examples include:

• Zinc oxide cement - self-regulation and hardened when in contact with saliva. Brand examples: Cavit, Coltosol.
• Cement polycarboxylic - Contains enamel and dentine. Brand example: PolyF.

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Impression material

Dental impression is a negative trace of the tooth and soft tissues of the mouth from which a positive representation can be cast. They are used in prosthodontics (to make dentures), orthodontics, restorative dentistry, dental implants and oral and maxillary surgery.

• Stiffness- The inelastic (rigid) material used in patients with deep undercuts.
• Elasticity- Elastic impression materials are used in patients with deep undercuts because they must be flexible enough to reach the endpoint of the undercut.

These two properties are important because the patient has a variety of underground soft tissues (shallow or deep down). To get an accurate impression, the appropriate property of the impression material should be used. The impression materials are designed to be liquid or semi-solid when first mixed, then tuned hard within minutes, leaving oral structure molds.

Common dental implants include:

• sodium alginate
• polyether
• silicon

Historically, this product was used as the impression material:

• plaster of Paris
• zinc oxide eugenol
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Coating material

The dental coating material is used during large cavity restorations, and is placed between the remaining tooth structure and the restorative material. This goal is to protect the sensitive dentine and pulp tubules, forming a barrier-like structure. After drilling the caries out of the tooth, the dentist applies a thin layer (about 1/2mm) to the base of the tooth, followed by light curing. Other layers may be applied if the cavity is very large and deep.

There are many functions for dental materials, some of which are listed below:

• The coating material protects the weak tooth from postoperative hypersensitivity, reduces patient discomfort and allows the teeth to heal at a faster rate after the procedure.
• Some dental restorers such as acrylic monomers in resin and phosphoric acid in silicates may have toxic effects and irritation to the pulp. The coating material protects the teeth from the aforementioned irritations.
• The coating material serves as an insulating layer on the dental pulp from sudden temperature changes when the patent eats hot or cold food, protecting it from potential pain due to thermal conductivity.
• In addition, the coating material is electrically isolating, preventing corrosion by galvanic cells if two different metals (eg gold or amalgam) are placed adjacent.

Type

Calcium Hydroxide

Calcium Hydroxide has relatively low compressive strength and thick consistency making it difficult to apply to thicker cavities, a common technique used to solve this problem is by applying a thin layer of calcium hydroxide sub-layer and then constructing with zinc phosphate before condensation amalgam It produces a relatively high pH environment around the area around the cement because the leaky calcium hydroxide makes it bactericidal. It also has a unique effect of initiating calcification and stimulating the formation of secondary dentine due to the irritating effects of pulp tissue by cement. It's also radio-opaque and acts as a good thermal and electrical insulation. However, due to its low compressive strength it is unable to withstand amalgam packaging so that a strong cement base material must be placed on it to counter this. Liner based calcium silicate has become an alternative to calcium hydroxide and the preferred material among practitioners for it's bioactive and sealing properties ;; matter triggers a biological response and results in bonding with tissues. Commonly used as pulp capping agent and coating material for silicates and resin-based fillers.

Usually provided as 2 pastes, salicylic glycols and other pastes containing Zinc Oxide with Calcium Hydroxide. On mixing chelate compounds are formed. Active light versions are also available which contain polymersiation activators, hydroxylsil methacrylate, dimethacrylate which when light is activated will result in light-activated polymerization reactions of modified methacrylate monomers.

Semen polikarboksilat

The polycarboxylic cement has a reasonable compressive strength to resist condensing amalgam and is acidic but less acidic then cement phosphate because it has higher molecular weight and polyacrylic acid to a weak acid of phosphoric acid. They also form a strong bond with the dentine and the enamel divides it. to form a coronal seal. In addition it is an electrical and thermal insulator while also releasing the bacteriostatic fluoride rendering, in addition to being a radio-opaque making it an excellent coating material.

Care should be taken in handling such materials because it has strong bonds with stainless steel instruments after the set.

Generally used as a luting agent or as a cavity base, but they tend to be supple during the regulatory reaction and attached to stainless steel instruments so most operators prefer not to use them in deep cavities.

Usually provided as a power containing Zinc Oxide and a liquid containing aqueous polyacrylic acid. The reaction comprises an acid-base reaction with zinc oxide which reacts with the acid group in the polyacid to form the reaction product of an unreacted zinc oxide core bonded by a salt matrix with a crosslinked polyacrylic acid chain with zinc ions.

Glass ionomer

It has the strongest tensile strength and pull of all layers, so it can withstand amalgam condensation in areas of high pressure such as class II cavities. GI is used as a coating material because it is highly compatible with most restorative materials, thermal and electrical insulates and adheres to enamel and dentine. The GI linings contain glasses of smaller particle sizes compared to adhesive restoration blends to allow for thin film formation. Some variations are also radiopak which make it good for the detection of X-ray cavity. In addition, GI is bacteriostatic because of the release of fluoride from unreacted glass cores.

GI is commonly used as a coating material for composite resins or as a luting agent for orthodontic bands.

The reaction is an acid-base reaction between silicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid. They come in the form of powders and liquids mixed on a pad or in compules for single use and light cured with light curing LED units. The arrangement takes place with a combination of both acid-based and chemically-activated polymerization, a light cured version containing a photo-initiator usually camphorquinone and an amide.

Eugenol zinc oxide

Zinc oxide eugenol has the lowest compressive strength and tensile strength relative to the rest of the liner so this layer should be confined to small or non-stress bearing regions such as Class V cavities. This cavity layer is often used with a high strength base to provide strength, stiffness and thermal insulation. Zinc oxide eugenol can be used as a coating in the deep cavity without causing damage to the pulp, due to its abundant effect on the pulp as well as its bactericidal properties due to Zinc. However eugenol may have an effect on resin-based fillers because it interferes with polymerization and sometimes causes discoloration, so it needs to be careful when using both together. It also opens radio-visible patches by X-rays.

Zinc oxide eugenol is commonly used as a temporary filler/luting agent due to its low compressive strength and is thus easily removed or as a layer for amalgam because it is incompatible with composite resins.

This is provided as a two-stick system. The same length of 2 pastes were distributed to the paper and mixed.

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Restorative materials

Tooth restorative materials are used to replace the loss of tooth structure, usually due to dental caries (cavities), but also tooth and dental damage. On other occasions, such ingredients can be used for the purpose of beauty to change the appearance of a person's teeth.

There are many challenges to the physical properties of the ideal dental restorative material. The purpose of research and development of restorative materials is to develop the ideal restoration material. The ideal restoration material will be identical to the natural dental structure in strength, compliance, and appearance. The properties of the ideal filler material can be divided into four categories: physical properties, biocompatibility, aesthetics and applications.

• Physical properties required include low thermal conductivity and expansion, resistance to various categories of wear and tear such as friction and abrasion, and resistance to chemical erosion. There should be a good bonding strength on the teeth. The strength and condition of the daily chewers must survive without material fatigue.
• Biocompatibility refers to how well matter coexists with the biological balance in teeth and body systems. Because the filling is in contact with the mucosa, teeth, and pulp, biocompatibility is essential. Common problems with some dental materials today include chemical leakage of the material, pulp irritation and less common allergies. Some by-products of chemical reactions during various stages of material hardening need to be considered.
• Ideally, the filling of the material should match the surrounding tooth structure in shade, translucency, and texture.
• Dental operators need materials that are easily manipulated and shaped, in which chemical reactions that need to occur can be predicted or controllable.

Direct restoration materials

Direct restorations are placed directly into the cavities on the teeth, and are formed to fit. Chemical reaction settings for direct restoration materials are designed to be more biologically compatible. The heat and byproducts produced can not damage the teeth or the patient, as reactions need to occur when in contact with the teeth during recovery. This ultimately limits the strength of the material, because the harder material requires more energy to manipulate. The type of filler material (restorative) used has little effect on how long they last. The majority of clinical studies show an annual failure rate (AFR) between 1% and 3% with colored tooth fillings on the back teeth. Note that the rooted (endodontically) rooted teeth have an AFR of between 2% and 12%. The main reasons for failure are cavities that occur around the original dental filling and fracture. This is related to the risk of personal cavities and factors such as teeth grinding (bruxism).

Amalgam

Amalgam is a metal filler composed of a mixture of mercury (from 43% to 54%) and an alloy powder made mostly of silver, tin, zinc and copper, commonly called amalgam mixtures. The amalgam does not adhere to the tooth structure without the aid of cement or the use of a technique that locks the filling, using the same principle as the fitting connection.

Amalgam is still widely used in many parts of the world because of its cost effectiveness, superior strength and long life. However, metallic colors are not aesthetically and alternatively colored teeth continue to emerge with increasingly comparable properties. Because of the known toxicity of the element of mercury, there is some controversy about the use of amalgam. The Swedish government banned the use of mercury amalgam in June 2009. Research has shown that, while the use of amalgam is controversial and can increase levels of mercury in the human body, this level is below the safety threshold set by WHO and EPA. However, there are certain sub-populations that, due to inherited genetic variability, show a sensitivity to mercury levels lower than this threshold level. These individuals may experience adverse effects caused by amalgam restorations. These include many nerve defects, mainly due to impaired neurotransmitter processing.

Composite resin

Composite resin content (also called white fill) is a mixture of glass powders and plastic resins, and can be made to resemble the appearance of the original tooth. Although cosmetics are superior to amalgam fillings, composite resin fillings are usually more expensive. Bis-GMA-based resins contain Bisphenol A, a known endocrine disruptive chemical, and may contribute to the development of breast cancer. However, it has been shown that very low levels of bis-GMA released by composite restorations do not cause a significant increase in renal injury markers, when compared with amalgam restorations. That is, there is no additional risk of kidney or endocrine injury in choosing composite restorations over amalgam. PEX-based ingredients do not contain Bisphenol A and are the least available cytotoxic substances.

Most modern composite resins are photopolymers that are cured of light, meaning that they harden with exposure to light. They can then be polished to achieve maximum aesthetic results. Composite resins have a very small shrinkage during the curing process, which causes the material to withdraw from the cavity preparation wall. This makes the tooth slightly more vulnerable to micro leakage and repeated decay. Micro leakage can be minimized or eliminated using appropriate handling techniques and proper material selection.

In some circumstances, fewer tooth structures can be removed compared to other dental preparations such as amalgam and many indirect methods of restoration. This is because composite resins bind to enamel (and dentine as well, though not as well) through micromechanical bonding. Because conservation of dental structures is a key ingredient in tooth preservation, many dentists prefer to place materials such as composites in place of amalgam fillings whenever possible.

Generally, composite fillings are used to fill carious lesions involving highly visible areas (such as central incisor or other visible teeth when smiling) or when tooth structure conservation is a top priority.

The bonding of the composite resin to the tooth, mainly affected by moisture contamination and surface cleanliness is prepared. Other materials can be selected while restoring the teeth where moisture control techniques are not effective.

Cement glass ionomer

The concept of using "smart" ingredients in dentistry has attracted much attention in recent years. Conventional glass-ionomer (GI) cement has many applications in dentistry. They are biocompatible with the dental pulp to some extent. Clinically, this material was originally used as a biomaterial to replace lost bone tissue in the human body.

This patch is a mixture of glass and organic acids. Although they are colored teeth, the ionomer glass varies in translucency. Although glass ions may be used to achieve aesthetic results, their aesthetic potential is incompatible with that provided by composite resins.

The preparation of the cavity of the glass ionomer filler is the same as the composite resin. However, one of the advantages of GI compared to other restorative materials is that they can be placed inside the cavity without the need for a binder (4).

Conventional glass ermonomers are chemically regulated through acid-base reactions. After mixing the material components, no mild drugs are required to bind the material after being placed in cavity preparation. After the initial set, the ionomer glass still takes time to fully regulate and harden.

Advantages:

1. The glass ermonomer may be placed inside the cavity without the need for a bonding agent.
2. They are not subject to shrinkage and micro leakage, because the bonding mechanism is an acid-base reaction and not a polymerization reaction. (GIC did not undergo major dimensional changes in humid environments in response to heat or cold and seems to heat the results only in water movement within the material structure. The exhibit shrank in dry environments at temperatures higher than 50C, which is similar to dentin behavior.
3. The ionomer glass contains and releases fluoride, which is important to prevent carious lesions. Furthermore, when glass ions release their fluoride, they can be "recharged" by using fluoride-containing toothpaste. Therefore, they can be used as a treatment modality for patients at high risk for caries. The new formulations of glass ionomers containing light-recovered resins can achieve greater aesthetic results, but do not release conventional fluoride and conventional ionomers.

Deficiency:

The most important disadvantage is the lack of adequate strength and toughness. In an effort to improve the mechanical properties of conventional GIs, resin-modified ionomers have been marketed. GIC is usually weak after setting and unstable in water; However, they become stronger with the development of the reaction and become more resistant to moisture. New generation: The goal is tissue regeneration and the use of biomaterials in powder or solution to induce local tissue repair. This bioactive material releases chemical agents in the form of dissolved ions or growth factors such as bone morphogenic proteins, which stimulate the active cells.

Glass ionomers are as expensive as composite resins. Patches do not wear as well as composite resin fillers. However, they are generally considered good materials to be used for root caries and for sealants.

Resin modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC)

The combination of glass-ionomer and composite resins, these patches are a mixture of glass, organic acids, and resin polymers that harden when light is healed (light activates the catalyst in the cement causing it to heal in seconds). The cost is similar to composite resin. It holds better than glass ionomers, but not as well as composite resins, and is not recommended for biting adult tooth surfaces, or when moisture control is not achievable.

Generally, modified resins of cement-ionomer glass can achieve better aesthetic results than conventional ionomer glass, but not as good as pure composites. It has its own regulatory reaction.

Kompomer

Another combination of composite resin and glass ionomer technology, with a focus lying towards the end of the composite resin spectrum. The compomers consist essentially of fillers, dimethacrylate monomers, difunctional resins, photo-actuators and initiators, and hydrophilic monomers. The main reason for adding fillers is to reduce the proportion of the resin and increase the mechanical strength in addition to improving the appearance of the material.

Although compomers have better mechanical and aesthetic properties than RMGIC, they have some disadvantages that limit their applications. A

• The compressor has weaker wear properties.
• Kompomer is not adhesive, therefore they need a binder. Compomers themselves can not stick to dental tissue because of the resin that can make it shrink in polymerization. As a result, any bonding effort will be disrupted at this stage.
• Kompomer releases fluoride at a low level, so they can not act as a fluoride reservoir.
• Composers have high-staining vulnerabilities. Oral liquid uptake causes them to show staining immediately after placement.

Due to its relatively weaker mechanical properties, Compomers are not suitable for weight-bearing restorations but can be used on deciduous teeth where lower loads are anticipated.

Indirect restorative materials

Indirect restorations are those where the teeth or teeth to receive the restorations are first prepared, then the tooth impression is taken and sent to a dental technician who makes the restorations in accordance with the dentist's prescription.

Porcelain filling is difficult, but can cause damage to the opposing teeth. They are fragile and not always recommended to fill the molar. They are hard and rigid so as to withstand abrasion force, fragile due to surface irregularities, porosity, tendency to experience static fatigue, and are aesthetically pleasing because it mimics the appearance of natural teeth due to different levels of nuance. The porcelain material can be reinforced by soaking the material fired in a molten salt to allow the exchange of sodium and potassium ions on the surface as it succeeds in pressuring the outer layer, by controlling the cooling after combustion, and by using pure alumina inserts, the core of alumina or alumina powder , because they act as a crack plug and are highly compatible with porcelain.

Teeth of colored dental composite materials are either used as direct charging or as construction material from indirect inlays. Usually healed by light.

The nano-ceramic particles embedded in the resin matrix are less brittle and therefore less likely to crack, or chip, than all non-ceramic fillings directly; they absorb chewing surprises more like natural teeth, and resemble gold resins or fillings rather than filling ceramics; and at the same time more wear-resistant than all indirect fillings of patches. It is available in blocks for use with CAD-CAM systems.

Patches of gold have excellent durability, are well used, and do not cause excessive wear on opposing teeth, but they do heat and cold, which can cause irritation. There are two categories of gold patches, gold castings (gold inlays and onlays) made with 14 or 18 kt gold, and gold foils made with 24kt pure gold are rubbed layer by layer. Over the years, they have been regarded as a benchmark of restorative dental materials. Recent advances in tooth porcelain and consumer focus on aesthetic results have led to demand for gold fillings to drop in favor of advanced composites and porcelain veneers and crowns. Patches of gold are sometimes quite expensive; however, they persist long enough - which could mean that gold restoration is cheaper and painful in the long run. Not infrequently there is a golden crown for the last 30 years.

Other historical additions

Lead deposits were used in the 18th century, but became unpopular in the 19th century because of their softness. This is before lead poisoning is understood.

According to the American Civil War medicine handbook from the mid-19th century, since the beginning of 19th century metal fitting has been used, made of lead, gold, tin, platinum, silver, aluminum, or amalgam. The pellet is rolled slightly larger than the cavity, is condensed into place with the instrument, then molded and polished in the patient's mouth. Charging is usually left "high", with final condensation - "tamping" - occurs when the patient chews food. Gold foil was the most popular and favored filler material during the Civil War. Tin and amalgam are also popular because of lower costs, but are considered low.

A survey of dental practices in the mid-19th century noted dental filling was found in the remains of seven Confederate soldiers from the US Civil War; they are made of:

• Gold Foil: Preferable because of its durability and safety.
• Platinum: Very rarely used because it is too hard, inflexible and hard to mold into foil.
• Aluminum: Materials that fail due to lack of flexibility but have been added to some amalgam.
• Lead and iron: It is believed to be a very popular filler during the Civil War. Tin foil is recommended when materials that are cheaper than gold are requested by patients, but lead is rapidly down and even if it can be replaced cheaply and quickly, there is a concern, especially from Harris, that it will oxidize in the mouth and thus cause caries recurrence. Due to blackening, tin is only recommended for posterior teeth.
• Thorium: Radioactivity was not known at the time, and the dentist probably thought he was working with a can.
• A mixture of lead and tungsten, probably from a rifle pellet. Lead was rarely used in the 19th century, gentle and rapidly damaged by mastication, and has been known to be a dangerous health effect.

Acrylic polymer

Acrylic is used in the manufacture of dentures, artificial teeth, implant trays, maxillofacial/orthodontic equipment and temporary restoration, but can not be used as dental fillers because it can cause pulpitis and periodontitis because it can produce heat and acid during curing, and besides they shrink.

Fixed tooth restoration

Patches have a limited lifespan; composites seem to have a higher failure rate than amalgam for five to seven years. How well people keep their teeth clean and avoid cavities may be a more important factor than the material chosen for recovery.

Evaluation and setting of dental materials

The Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM) evaluates dental materials in the Nordic countries. This research and testing institute is accredited to perform some test procedures for dental products. In Europe, dental materials are classified as medical devices in accordance with Health Device Directives. In the US, the US Food and Drug Administration is the regulatory body for dental products.

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References

• Dental Fact Sheet , California Dental Board, May 2004

Source of the article : Wikipedia