Gas holder

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A gas cylinder , or gasometer , is a large container in which natural gas or city gas is deposited near atmospheric pressure at ambient temperatures. The volume of the container follows the quantity of stored gas, with pressure derived from the weight of the movable cap. The general volume for large gas holders is about 50,000 cubic meters (1,800,000 cubic feet), with a diameter structure of 60 meters (200 feet).

Gas holders are now likely to be used for balancing purposes, to ensure gas pipes can be operated in a variety of secure pressures, rather than actually storing gas for later use.

Video Gas holder

Etymology

Antoine Lavoisier designed the gazomÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¨tre to aid his work in pneumatic chemistry. This allows him to weigh the gas in the pneumatic trough with the precision he needs. He published his book TraitÃƒ Â© ÃƒÆ' Ã¢ â‚¬ Â° lÃƒÆ'Ã‚ Â© mentaire de Chimie in 1789.

James Watt Junior has teamed up with Thomas Beddoes in building pneumatic equipment, short-term medical equipment that incorporates gazomÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¨tre. He then adapted the gazomÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¨tre for the storage of coal gas. Anglicisation gasometer was adopted by William Murdoch, inventor of gas lighting, in 1782, as a name for its gas holder.

Despite Murdoch's objections to his colleagues that his so-called "gasometer" was not a meter but a container, the name was maintained and began to be used in general. The term "gasometer" is not recommended for use in technical circles, where the term "gas holder" is preferred. The British arms survey has marked the gas holder on a large-scale map - calling them a gasometer. This is used to label gas work, where there are usually some gas holders.

The spelling of "gas holder" is used by the BBC, although the "gasholder" variant is usually used by other publishers. The meter used to measure the gas flow through a particular pipe is the gas meter.

Maps Gas holder

History

Before the mid-20th century, coal gas was generated from retorts by heating coal in the absence of air, a process known as coal gasification. It was first used for city lighting; gas passes through a wood or metal pipe from the retort to the lantern. The first common gas pipeline supply was for 13 gas lamps, installed along Pall Mall, London in 1807. The credit for this was given to German inventor and entrepreneur Fredrick Winsor. Digging roads for plumbing required legislation, and this delayed the overthrow of street lighting and gas installations for domestic lighting, heating, and cooking.

Many people have experimented with coal distillation to produce flammable gases. For example Jean Tardin (1618), Clayton (1684) Jean-Pierre Minckelers, Leuven (1785) and Pickel (D) (1786). William Murdoch succeeded. He joined Boulton and Watt, at the Soho factory in Birmingham, in 1777, and in 1792 he built a retort to heat the coal-producing gas that illuminated his home and office in Redruth. The system, however, has no storage method. James Watt Junior adapted Lavoisier gazomÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¨tre for this purpose. A gasometer was inserted into the first small gaswork built for the Soho plant in 1798.

William Murdoch and his student, Samuel Clegg, installed retorts in their respective factories and workplaces. The earliest example was in 1805, at Lee and Phillips, Salford Twist Mill where 8 gas holders were installed. This was soon followed by one at Sowerby Bridge, built by Clegg for Henry Lodge. The first independent commercial gas project built by London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company at Great Peter Street, Westminster in 1812 installed a wooden pipe to illuminate the Westminster Bridge with gas lamps on New Year's Eve in 1813. Public gas lights were seen as a measure of crime reduction , and thus, and until the 1840s, the regulation was with the Police Authority rather than the elected council.

Security issues were revealed by the Royal Society, limiting the size of the gas holder to 6,000 cubic feet (170 m ³) and seeing them covered in gasometer homes. This concern proved to be unfounded, and any small leak from the closed gas holder created the potential for explosion of air and gas inside the building, much greater danger, and the practice was stopped. But in the United States, where gas must be protected from extreme weather, gasometer homes continue to be built and architecturally decorative.

In the 1850s, every town and town to small and medium had a gas plant to provide street lighting. Private customers can also have a pipeline to their homes. In this era, gas lighting became acceptable. The appearance of incandescent gas lamps in factories, homes and on the streets, replacing oil lamps and candles with clear light, almost matching the colors of daylight, turning into daylight for many people - makes night shift work possible in industries where light all important - in spinning, weaving and making clothes, etc. Gas work is being built in almost every city, the main streets lit up brightly and gas flowed in the streets to the majority of urban households.

The telescopic gas holder was first discovered in early 1824, glass seal and dip (clutch) patented by Hutchinson in 1833: the first working example was built in Leeds. The benefits of the increased storage provided by holders for local gas work are immediately appreciated, and gas holders are built across the country in large numbers from the middle of this century. The first is a two-lift type, a supported column: later they can have four frame-guided lifts and mounted with an additional elevator. The large gas holder at King's Cross was built in the 1860s to provide gas storage for much of London.

William Gadd from Gadd & amp; Mason, from Manchester found a spiral-guided gas holder in 1890. Instead of using an external column or guidance framework, the design was operated with a spiral rail. The first commercial design was built in Northwich, Cheshire in the same year. By the end of this century, most cities in the UK have their own gas jobs and gas holders.

The inter-war years were marked by the development of increased storage, particularly the waterless gas holder, and in distribution, with the emergence of 2-4 inch steel pipes to drain up to 50 psi (340 kPa) gas as the main feeder to traditional iron pipes. The city gas work has been in vain in the last 20th century, but gas holders and production plants are still used in steel work by 2016.

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Function

The gas holder provides storage for the gas which is purified and measured. It acts as a buffer, eliminating the need for continuous gas production. The lifting weight of the gas (cap) controls the gas pressure in the electricity, and provides back pressure for the gas-generator.

The aqueous gas holder consists of two parts: a deep water tank used to provide a seal, and a vessel that rises above the water as the volume of gas increases.

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Type

There are two basic types of gas retention: water-sealed and without stiff water.

Water-covered gas holders consist of water tanks with closed vessels (lifts) that go up and down to collect gas.

Rigid waterless gas holders are very early designs that are not expanded or contracted. There is a modern version of the gas holder without water, e.g. sealed oil, sealed with oil and "dry seal" (membrane). They consist of a fixed cylinder bordered by a moving piston.

Sealed gas holder

The earliest holders of Boulton and Watt gas have one elevator. The tank is above the ground and is lined with wood; the lift is guided by a tripod and cable. Pulleys and weights are provided to regulate the gas pressure. Brick tanks were introduced in 1818, when the gas holder would have a capacity of 20,000 cubic feet (570 m ³). Engineer John Night designed the tank with a central trunk-and-tube guide system.

Telescoping holders fall into two subcategories. The earlier variations of telescoping are guided variations of columns and constructed from 1824. To guide the telescoping walls, or "elevators," they have an external fixed frame, visible at a fixed altitude at all times. Completion is a guide frame gas holder, in which heavy columns are replaced by lighter and wider frames. The vertical (standard) girders are intersected with horizontal and cross-braced beam gears. It can be locked into an underground tank or on the ground. Cutler's patented guide frame is distributed with horizontal blocks using diagonal triangulation framing instead.. The cable-guided gas holder, invented by Pease in 1880, has limited use, but is useful on unstable soils where rigid systems can warp and jam the elevators.

Spiral-guided gas holders were built in England from 1890 to 1983. It has no frames, and each lift is guided by the one below, spinning ascending as dictated by a helical runner.

Both types of telescoping use a water manometric property to provide a seal. The entire tank floats in a circular or annular water reservoir, held by constant pressure of varying gaseous volumes, pressure determined by the weight of the structure, and the water that provides the seal for gas within the moving wall. In addition to saving gas, the tank design serves to establish the pressure of the gas system. With a telescoping tank (multi-lift), the deepest tank has a width of ~ 1 ft by 2Ãƒ, ft high (30x60 cm) lips around the outside of the lower edge, called a cup, which takes water as it rises above the water level reservoir. This immediately pulls the lips down on the inner rim of the next outer appointment, called a dye or clutch, and when this handle sinks into the cup, it retains the water seal when the inner tank keeps rising up to the handle handle on the cup, where the gas injection is over will begin to raise the elevator as well. Holders are built with as many as four lifts. An additional fly lift can be mounted into a column or gas frame holder. This is an extended inner tank that extends above the standard, when the infrastructure will support extra shear strength and weight. Although not exclusively, spiral guides are used.

Dry type seal gas holder

The dry seal gas holder has a static cylinder shell, in which the piston rises and falls. When moving, a fat seal, a tar/oil seal or a sealing membrane that is rolled out and entered from the piston keeps the gas from escaping. MAN ( Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-NÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¼rnberg AG ) was introduced in 1915: it was polygonal and used tar/oil seal. Dry Klonne gas dry seal holder: using a fat seal. The patented Dry-seal Wiggins gas holder was patented in 1952: it uses a flexible curtain suspended from the piston. The largest low-pressure gas holder being built is the Klonne gas holder built in 1938 in Gelsenkirchen. Its height is 136 meters (446Ãƒ, ft) and 80 meters (260Ãƒ, ft), which gives it a capacity of 594,000 cubic meters (21,000,000 cuÃƒ, ft). There is a MAN type, built in 1934 in Chicago with a capacity of 566,000 cubic meters (20,000,000 cuÃƒ, ft).

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Benefits

Gas holders hold great advantages over other storage methods. They are the only storage method that keeps the gas at district pressure (the pressure required in the local gas network). After the District Low Pressure Switch is down, and the amplifier fan is on, the gas inside this container can be in the house, used, in a very short period of time. The gas is stored in the stand all day, when a little gas is being used. Around 5 pm there is a huge demand for gas, and the holder will go down, supply the service area.

However, where the distribution system is strong and contains regulators, the advantages of gas holders are made redundant.

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By location

Europe

The pollution associated with gaswork and gas storage makes the soil difficult to reclaim for other purposes, but some gas holders, especially in Vienna, have been converted into other uses such as living spaces and shopping centers and historical archives for the city. Many sites, however, have never been used for 'city gas' production, therefore relatively low soil contamination.

Gas holders have become a major part of the skyline of low-rise British cities of up to 200 years, due to their large shape and central location. They were originally used to balance the daily demand and generation of city gas. By moving to natural gas and the construction of a national pipeline, its use continues to decrease as pipelines can store gas under pressure, and eventually meet peak demand directly. London, Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, Leeds, Newcastle, Salisbury and Glasgow (which has the largest gasometer in the UK) are noted to have many gas holders.

Some of these gas holders have become listed buildings. The gas holders behind King's Cross station in London were specifically dismantled when the new Rail Link Channel Tunnel was being created, with Gas No. 8 holder re-established at the nearest site behind St Pancras station as part of the housing development. It has been made into a garden. Most of the gas holder is no longer in use, and a demolition program is underway to free the land for reuse.

Gasworks in South Lotts, Dublin, Ireland, converted into flats.

In the past, station holders will have operators who live on the site controlling their movements. However, with the process control system now used on this site, such operators are obsolete. The highest gasometer in Europe is 117 meters (384 feet) and is located in Oberhausen.

In the UK as well as other European countries, the movement to preserve classical gasometers has emerged in recent years, especially after the UK National Grid announced in 2013 their plans to knock down 76 gas holders, and shortly afterwards, the Southern and Scottish Gas networks announced that they will destroy 111 others. Christopher Costelloe, director of the Victoria Society, a leader in the campaign to conserve gasometers, said: "Gasometers, with their size and structure, can not help but be a landmark. [They] are incredibly dramatic structures for all their vacancies."

United States

Gasometers are relatively rare in the United States. The most prominent of these was founded in St.. Louis by the Light Gas Company Laclede in the early 20th century. This gasometer remains in use until the first decade of the early 21st century, when the latter is disabled and left in place. The most recently used gasometer in the United States is on the southeast side of Indianapolis, but has been destroyed along with the Citizens Energy Group coke plant. Another pair of holders at Newtown Holder Station, in Elmhurst, Queens, in New York City, was a popular landmark for traffic reporters until they were destroyed in 1996 and became Elmhurst Park. The demolition of two larger "Maspeth Tanks" in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, was explained by The New York Times at length.

A large MAN-type gas holder was established in eastern Baltimore, Maryland, by Koppers Inc. in 1949 and operated by Baltimore Gas and Electric for thirty-two years. The 170-foot-tall 307-foot diameter structure, which can contain 7 million cubic feet, is a landmark due to its unusual marking scheme, which has a red-and-white plaid pattern of 200 feet upwards. The structure was destroyed in July 1984.

By 2016, efforts are being made to save a gas-holder building in Concord, New Hampshire.

Australia

Gasholders, though once common, have become rare in Australia. Most of the gas in the country is destroyed or replaced, and some gasometers still exist because of this. A good example of a very intact gasometer is located on the Launceston Gasworks site in Tasmania. Although the gas bell has been removed, all other components are intact. The remains of two older 1860s gasometers were also seen on the site but only the foundations remained.

Over the years, a large gasholder loomed over the Arden Street Oval, home to the North Melbourne Football Club in the Victoria Football League. The television coverage of the Australian Rules football game played on the famous field shows that the gasholder dominates the scene. It was destroyed in late 1977/early 1978.

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Other storage systems

Gas has recently been stored in large underground reservoirs like salt caves. In modern times, however, line packing is the preferred method.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s it was assumed that the gas holder could be replaced with a high pressure bullet (a cylinder pressure vessel with hemispheric ends). However, the regulation made meant that all new bullets had to be built several miles from towns and cities, and the security of storing large amounts of high pressure natural gas on the ground made them unpopular with local communities and councils. Bullets are gradually disabled. It is also possible to store natural gas in liquid form, and it is widely practiced throughout the world.