laundry soap , or washing powder , is a kind of detergent (cleaning agent) added to wash the laundry, usually a mixture of chemical compounds including alkylbenzene sulphonate, which is similar to soap. but less affected by hard water. While detergent is still sold in powder form, liquid detergents have taken major market share in many countries since its introduction in the 1950s.
Wash detergent laundry has also been sold in the United States since 2012 when it was introduced by Procter & amp; Gambling as Tide Pods. Earlier examples of laundry detergent pods include the Salvo tablets that were sold in the 1960s and 1970s.
Video Laundry detergent
History
From ancient times, chemical additives were used to facilitate mechanical cleaning of clothing with water. The Italians use a mixture of sulfur and water with charcoal to clean the cloth. Egyptians add ash and silicates to soften water. Soap is the first detergent. The detergent effect of certain synthetic surfactants was recorded in Germany in 1917, in response to soap deficiency during World War I. In 1930, a viable commercial route for fatty alcohol was developed, and these new ingredients were converted into their sulfate ester, key ingredients - materials in the commercially important German FEWA brand, produced by BASF, and Dreft, a US brand manufactured by Procter and Gamble. The detergent was mainly used in industry until after World War II. At that time, new developments and later conversion of aviation fuel plants to produce tetrapropylene, used in household detergents, led to the rapid growth of domestic use in the late 1940s.
The use of enzymes for laundry was introduced in the early part of 1900 by Otto Rohm. Only in the latter part of the century with the availability of powerful thermal bacterial enzymes, this technology becomes mainstream.
Soap, heavy, relatively ineffective and very sensitive to deactivation by hard water. In the 1950s, soaps were almost completely replaced by branched alkylbenzenesulfonates, but these detergents were found to have poor biodegradation. Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAB), however, proved to be very effective in cleaning and more biodegradable than branched relatives. LAB remains the main detergent used in the country. Other detergents that have been developed include alkyl sulphonates and linear olefinsulfonates, which also resist deactivation by hard water. Both remain special products, for example, only about 60 million kilograms of sodium alkylsulphonate are produced each year. During the initial development of non-soap surfactants as commercial cleaning products, the term syndicate , short for synthetic detergents , was promoted to show the difference from natural soaps.
Environmental movement
Early in the introduction of sulfonate-based detergents, concerns were voiced at low levels of branched alkylbenzene sulphonate biodegradation. This problem is solved by the introduction of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate.
A deeper problem arises from the heavy use of sodium triphosphate, which can reach up to 50% by weight of detergent. Disposing of phosphate dissolved into natural waters has caused problems with eutrophication, or the growth of living things, lakes and rivers, often where undesirable. Replacement of sodium triphosphate by zeolites offers some help for this problem. With respect to phosphate additives, between 1940 and 1970 "the amount of phosphate in municipal wastewater increased from 20,000 to 150,000 tons per year." With the increase of phosphate, especially in the absence of algae-eating species, algal blooms grow well on phosphorus excess and can produce toxins, kill fish, dolphins and plants. They can also indirectly cause oxygen depletion at greater depth, through the breakdown of dead algal cell microbes. Most modern laundry detergents do not contain phosphates, but produce water softening using zeolites.
Maps Laundry detergent
Chemical detergent
In general, laundry detergents contain water softeners, surfactants, bleach, enzymes, brighteners, fragrances, and many other agents. The formulations are strongly influenced by the temperature of the cleaning water and vary from country to country.
The main components of detergent are anionic surfactants, alkaline builders, water softening agents and anti-deposition agents. Higher end detergents contain enzymes and optical brightener. Some liquid detergents contain non-ionic surfactants.
Many types of molecules and ions can function as high-efficiency surfactants. They are often classified according to the molecular or ion charge, the three major classes are anionic, neutral, and cationic detergents. The most common anionic detergent for domestic laundry detergent. Detergents are ions or molecules containing polar and nonpolar components. The polar component allows the detergent to dissolve in water, while the nonpolar part dissolves the oily ("hydrophobic") material which is the general target of the cleaning process. It is estimated that 6 billion kilograms of detergent is produced annually for the domestic market.
Components
Modern detergent formulations - whole products vs. just surfactants - contain multiple components. The three main ingredients are builders (50% by weight, approx.), Alkylbenzenesulfonic surfactants (15%), and bleach (7%).
Builder
Builders (also called complexes or extraction agents) are water softeners. The calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water can cause many detergents to form soap scum, which is not effective for cleaning. These ions are removed by the builder either through chelation or ion exchange. One of the early builders was sodium carbonate (soda wash), but this was not very effective. Phosphor-based agents were introduced during the 1940s, beginning with sodium triphosphate and continuing with the introduction of HEDP, ATMP, EDTMP HDTMP and DTPMP. While effective, these agents are now known to have serious environmental consequences that lead to encouragement of phosphorus-free agents that are more environmentally friendly, modern examples include chelators such as citric acid, gluconic acid and EDTA; or ion exchange agents such as zeolites.
Bleaches
The main target of bleach is the oxidized organic stains; which usually comes from vegetables (eg chlorophyll, anthocyanin dyes, tannins, humic acid, and carotenoid pigments). Despite its name, modern bleach agents do not include household bleach (sodium hypochlorite). Bleaching laundry is usually a stable addition of hydrogen peroxide, such as sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, it is inactive as a solid but will react with water to release the bleaching hydrogen peroxide. Bleach activators such as tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) are also increasingly used, these react with hydrogen peroxide to produce peracetic acid, which is a more effective bleach, especially at lower temperatures (& lt; 60 Ã, Â ° C).
Enzyme
The amount of enzyme can reach about 2% by weight of the product. These agents are needed to lower the recalcitrant stain consisting of proteins, fats, or carbohydrates. Each type of stain requires a different type of enzyme, protease for protein, lipase for fat, and amylase for carbohydrates.
Other materials
Many other materials are added depending on the specific application. Such additives modify the properties of the product foam by stabilizing or preventing foams. Other substances increase or decrease the viscosity of the solution, or dissolve other materials. Corrosion inhibitor against damage to washing equipment. "Dye transfer inhibitors" prevent dye from one article from coloring other items. "Antiredeposition agents" are used to prevent fine soil particles from reconnecting to the product being cleaned. Carboxymethyl cellulose is used for this purpose.
A number of materials affect the aesthetic properties of the goods to be cleaned or the detergent itself before or during use. These agents include optical brighteners, fabric softeners, and dyes. Various perfumes are also a component of modern detergent, as long as it suits other components and does not affect the color of the cleaned goods. Perfumes are usually a mixture of many compounds, a popular component is cyclohexyl salicylate, which is associated with wintergreen oil.
Laundry tool
Water softener
Bleaching agent
Fabric fabric softener
Environmental issues
The phosphate in the detergent became an environmental concern in the 1950s and the subject of prohibition in later years. Phosphates make laundry cleaners but also can cause dangerous algal blooms as wastewater returns to the natural environment.
A recent academic study of purified washing products found "more than 25 VOCs removed from the dryer ventilation, with the highest concentrations of acetaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol." Seven of these VOCs were classified as dangerous air pollutants (HAPs) and two as HAP carcinogenic (acetaldehyde and benzene) ".
See also
- List of cleaning products
References
External links
- Derbyshire, David (February 24, 2008). "Do not bother with pre-washing (you just throw 6billion liters of water a year)". Mail Online . Retrieved September 30 2010 .
- About.com, Home Appliances/Tools, What is HE Laundry Detergent & amp; When High Efficiency Detergent Used by Mariette Mifflin
- Campbell's tip for chemical detergents, surfactants, and history related to washing clothes, methods of destruction and soil.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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