Mechanical watch

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A mechanical watch is a clock that uses a mechanism to measure the passage of time, compared to modern electronic quartz watches. This is driven by a spring (called a per main) that must be flown on a regular basis. Its power is transmitted through a series of gears to drive the balance wheel, the weighted wheel that oscillates back and forth at a constant rate. A device called a breakout releases the clock wheel to move forward slightly with each balance wheel swing, moving the watch's hands forward at a constant rate. This makes the characteristic sound 'ticking' of all mechanical watches. Mechanical watches evolved in Europe in the 17th century from the spring-powered clock, which appeared in the 15th century.

Mechanical watches are usually not as accurate as modern quartz electronic watches, and they require periodic cleaning by skilled watchmakers. Since the 1970s, quartz watches have taken over most of the hour market, and mechanical watches are now mostly high-end products, purchased for aesthetic reasons, for their appreciation of fine skills, or as status symbols.

Video Mechanical watch

Components

The internal mechanism of the watch, excluding the face and hands, is called motion. All mechanical watches have these five parts:

• The main driver, which stores the mechanical energy to power the watch.
• A dental gear, called an ongoing train, has a dual function of transmitting the driving force to the balance wheel and adding a balance wheel swing to get the units of seconds, minutes, and hours. A separate part of the dental gear, called a keyless job, allows the user to rotate the main driver and allow the hand to be moved to set the time.
• The balance wheel, which oscillates back and forth. Each wheel balancing swing takes the same time. This is the element of timekeeping in the watch.
• The breakout mechanism, which has the dual function of maintaining the vibrational balance of the wheel by pushing it with each swing, and allowing the clock to advance or "escape" with a certain amount with each swing. The periodic stoppage of dental gears by runaway makes a 'ticking' sound from a mechanical clock.
• A call that shows, usually a traditional clock with a spinning hand, to display time in a human readable form.

The additional functionality of watches other than the basic timekeeping has traditionally been called complications . Mechanical watches may experience these complications:

• Auto winding or self-winding - to eliminate the need to rotate the clock, this device automatically directs the clock drive using the natural wrist movement , with a rotary-weight mechanism.
• Calendar - displays the date, and often weekdays, months, and years. The simple Calendar watch does not take into account the length of different months, requiring the user to reset the date 5 times a year, but lasting calendar sees this account, and even the leap year. An annual calendar does not make leap year adjustments, and treats February as a 30-day month, so the date must be reset on March 1 each year when it mis-says on 29 or 30 February.
• Alarm - a bell or a bell that can be set to off at a certain time.
• Chronograph - hours with additional stopwatch functionality. The buttons on the box start and stop the second hand and reset to zero, and usually some subdials show the elapsed time in larger units.
• Hacking feature - found on a military watch, a mechanism that stops the second hand while the clock is being set. This allows the clock to be synchronized to the right seconds. This is now a very common feature in many watches.
• Month phase call - shows the phase of the moon with the face of the moon on the rotating disk.
• Wind indicator or power backup indicator - mostly found on automatic watches, a subdial that shows how much power is left in the main drive, usually within the remaining hours to run.
• Repeater - a clock that skips the clock by pressing the button. This rare complication was originally used before artificial lighting to check what time in the dark. This cumbersome mechanism is now only discovered as a novelty in a very expensive luxury watch.
• Tourbillon - this expensive feature was originally designed to make watches more accurate, but is now just a demonstration of watching skills. In ordinary watches the equilibrium wheel oscillates at different levels, because of gravity bias, when the watch is in a different position, causing an inaccuracy. In turbillon, the balance wheel is installed in a rotating cage so that it will experience all the same positions. This mechanism is usually exposed on the face to show it off.

Maps Mechanical watch

Mechanism

The mechanical clock is mature technology, and most of the regular watch movements have the same parts and work the same way.

Mainspring and motion

The main drive that moves the clock, the spiral band of the spring steel, is inside the cylinder cylinder, with the outer end of the main drive attached to the barrel. The power of the primary impulse changes the barrel. The barrel has a tooth around the outside that turns the center wheel once per hour - it has a shaft through the dial. On the side of the cannon pinion dial is attached with the right friction (allowing to glide when setting the hand) and the minute needle attached to the gun pinion. Pinion cannon moves a 12-to-1 reduction gear called motion that changes the clock and hand once for every 12 turns of the minute hand.

Sled

The middle wheel moves the third wheel, and the third wheel moves the fourth wheel. In a watch with a second hand on a rotary switch of a subsidiary, usually located above the 6 o'clock position, the fourth wheel is directed to rotate once per minute, and the second needle is attached directly to this wheelbase.

Escapement

The fourth wheel also moves the escape wheel from the levers. The escape gear takes turns picking up two fingers called the palette on the pallet lever arm , which shakes back and forth. The other end of the lever has a fork connected with an impulse pin erect on the pivot of the balance wheel . Each time the balance wheel swings through its center position, it opens a lever, which releases one gear wheel of flight, allowing the clock wheel to advance at a fixed amount, moving the hand forward. As the runaway wheel spins, its teeth push the lever, which gives the wheel a little balance, making it swing forward and back.

The balance wheel

The balance wheel keeps time for the watch. It consists of a rotating wheel that rotates back and forth, which returns to its center position with a fine spiral spring, spring balance or "hair springs". Wheels and springs together form a harmonic oscillator . The balance wheel mass combines with the spring stiffness to precisely control the period of each swing or 'tap' of the wheel. The oscillation period of equilibrium T in seconds, the time required for one complete cycle (two beats), is

${\ displaystyle T = 2 \ pi {\ sqrt {\ frac {I} {\ kappa}}} \,}$

di mana ${\ displaystyle I \,}  ÂÂ$ adalah momen inersia roda dalam kilogram-meter ² dan ${\ displaystyle \ kappa \,}  ÂÂ$ adalah kekakuan (konstanta pegas) dari musim semi keseimbangannya dalam newton-meter per radian. Sebagian besar roda keseimbangan arloji berosilasi pada 5, 6, 8, atau 10 ketukan per detik. Ini diterjemahkan ke 2,5, 3, 4, dan 5 Hz masing-masing, atau 18.000, 21.600, 28.800, dan 36.000 denyut per jam (BPH). Di sebagian besar jam tangan terdapat pengatur pengatur pada pegas keseimbangan yang digunakan untuk menyesuaikan laju arloji. Ini memiliki dua pin curb yang merangkul pergantian terakhir dari pegas, dan dapat meluncur ke atas atau ke bawah pegas untuk mengontrol panjang efektifnya. Menggeser pin ke pegas, memperpendek panjang pegas, membuatnya lebih kaku, meningkatkan ${\ displaystyle \ kappa \,}  ÂÂ$ dalam persamaan di atas, mengurangi periode roda ${\ displaystyle T \,}  ÂÂ$ sehingga ayunan berayun lebih cepat, menyebabkan jam untuk berjalan lebih cepat.

Pekerjaan tanpa kunci

A separate set of gears called keyless jobs winds a major push when the crown is rotated, and when the crown is pulled out a short distance allows the hand to turn around to set wristwatch. The rod attached to the crown has a tooth called the clutch or castle wheel , with two dental rings projecting axially from the end. When the rod is pushed in, the outer teeth rotate the ratchet wheel above the main barrel, which turns the inner end portion of the main drive installed, winding the thruster closer around the shaft. A spring spring or click presses the ratchet tooth, preventing the main push from unwinding. When the rod is pulled out, the inner gear of the castle wheel moves with the gears that spin the minute wheel. When the crown is rotated, the friction clutch of the gun pinion allows the hand to be rotated.

Middle seconds

If the second hand is co-axial with a minute and clockwise needle, it is a pivot in the center of the dial, this setting is called "middle seconds" or "sweep seconds", because the seconds hand wipes the minute tracks on the phone.

Initially the middle needle is moved by the third wheel, sometimes through the middle wheel, with the gears on the outside of the top plate. The method of moving this second hand is called an indirect central second. Because the gear is outside the plate, it increases the thickness of the movement, and since the rotation of the third wheel should be directed to rotate the second hand once a minute, the second hand has a fluttering motion.

In 1948 Zenith introduced a clock with a redesigned gear in which the fourth wheel was in the middle of the movement, and so it could move the center of seconds directly. The minute wheel, previously at the center of the movement, was moved from the center and pushed the wheel indirectly. Any fluttering because the gearing is not directly hidden by the relatively slow movement of the minute hand. This redesign brings all the trains sliding between the plates and allows for thinner movements.

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Watch gems

The jewel bearings were discovered and introduced on watches by Nicolas Fatio (or Facio) de Duillier and Pierre and Jacob Debaufre around 1702 to reduce friction. They were not widely used until the mid-19th century. Until the 20th century they were milled from small pieces of natural gems. Watches often have garnets, quartz, or even glass jewelry; only high quality watches that use sapphire, ruby, or diamond. In 1902, a process for growing artificial sapphire crystals was discovered, making jewelry much cheaper. Gems in modern watches are all synthetic sapphires or (usually) ruby, made of corundum (Al ₂ O ₃ ), one of the most difficult substances known. The only difference between sapphire and ruby ​​â € <â € Destination

Jewelry serves two purposes in a watch. First, reducing friction can improve accuracy. Friction on train and runway bearings causes slight variations in impulses applied to the balance wheel, causing variations in timeliness. The shifting surface of the gems is low and predictable reducing this variation. Second, they can increase bearing life. On an unadorned bearing, the clock axle spins in a hole in a plate that supports movement. The sideways applied by the driving gear cause more pressure and friction on one side of the hole. On some wheels, the rotating shaft can fade the hole until it is oval, eventually causing the gear to jam, stopping the clock.

Type

On the run, jewelry is used for parts that work with sliding friction:

• Palette - This is the oblique rectangular surface on the lever that is driven by the flywheel tooth. They are the main source of friction in the movement of the watch, and is one of the first sites where gems are applied.
• Impulse pin - The center pin is off on the disk on the balance staff pushed by the lever fork, to keep the balance wheel moving.

In bearings two different types are used:

• Jewelry hole - This is a donut-shaped arm bearing that is used to support the arbor (stem) of most of the wheels.
• Capstones or cap jewels - When the wheel arbor is in a vertical position, the arbor shoulder is worn against the hole side of the hole, increasing friction. This causes the clock rate to change when in a different position. So in a cushion where friction is very important, like a pivot wheel balance, flat capstones are added at each end of the arbor. When the arbor is in a vertical position, the round end holds the limestone surface, lowering friction.

Where they are used

The number of gems used in the watch movement has increased over the last 150 years as gems become cheaper and watches become more accurate. The only cushion that really needs to be given gems on the clock is those on the railway - a carriage gear that transmits power from the main barrel to the balance wheel - because only those who are constantly under pressure from the main thrust. The wheels that rotate the hand (work motion) and the calendar wheel are not under load, while the wheel that drives the driver (keyless work) is very rarely used, so they do not wear significantly. Friction has the biggest effect on the fastest moving wheels, so they benefit most from jeweling. So the first mechanism in the watch is the pivot wheel of balance, followed by the run. As more gem pads are added, they are applied to the slower-moving wheels, and jeweling speeds up the train to the barrel. The 17 hour jewel clock has each bearing from the equilibrium wheel to the centered sewn-bearing axle, so it is regarded as a 'fully jewel' watch. In quality watches, to minimize positioning errors, limestone is added to the levers and release the wheel bearings, making 21 gems. Even the arbor barrel arbor is sometimes given a gem, making it a total of 23. When the winding hours themselves were introduced in the 1950s, some wheels in the automatic winding mechanism were given gems, increasing the count to 25-27.

'Jewel inflation'

It is very doubtful whether adding gems other than those listed above is really useful in watches. That does not improve the accuracy, because the only wheel that has an effect on the balance wheel, which is on the train is running, already decorated with gems. Marine Kronometer, the most accurate portable watch, often only has 7 gems. Also do not add additional wheel bearings increase the useful life of the movement; as mentioned above most of the other wheels are not used enough to need them.

However, at the beginning of the 20th century clock movement has been standardized to the point that there is little difference between their mechanisms, besides the quality of workmanship. So watchmakers make the number of gems, one of the few metrics that distinguish quality watches, the main ad point, and put it clearly on the face of the clock. Consumers, with little else, learn to equate more jewelry with more quality in watches. Although initially this is a good quality measure, it provides an incentive for producers to increase the number of gems.

Around the 1960s this 'gem craze' reached new heights, and manufacturers made watches with 41, 53, 75, or even 100 gems. Most of these extra jewelry really do not work; they never contact the moving parts, and are inserted only to increase the number of gems. For example, the Waltham 100 gem watch comprises 17 regular gem moves, with 83 small ruby ​​pieces fitted around the automatic winding rotor.

In 1974, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in cooperation with the Swiss industrial standards supervision organization Norm Normal de l'Industrie HorlogÃÆ'¨re Suisse (NIHS) issued a standard, ISO 1112, which prohibited manufacturers from incorporating such nonfunctional jewelry into gems included in advertising and sales literature. This stops the use of jewelry that really does not work. However, some experts say that manufacturers continue to increase the number of their watches by 'upjeweling'; adding functional bearing pads to wheels that do not really need them, utilizing loopholes in ISO 1112. Examples include adding capstones to the third and fourth wheel bearings, minute wheel bearing gems, and automatic winding ratchet pawls. No doubt none of these additions add to the accuracy or longevity of the watch.

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World time

Some good mechanical watches will have the world time feature, which is the city frame and the hour frame will rotate according to the relative city time zone.

There are usually 27 cities (corresponding to 24 major time zones) on the city bezel, starting with GMT/UTC:

• UTCÃ, ± 00: 00 - London
• UTC 01:00 - Amsterdam
• UTC 01:00 - Berlin
• UTC 01:00 - Brussels
• UTC 01:00 - Paris
• UTC 02:00 - Cairo *
• UTC 03:00 - Moscow
• UTC 04:00 - Abu Dhabi/Dubai
• UTC 05:00 - Karachi
• UTC 06:00 - Dhaka
• UTC 07:00 - Bangkok
• UTC 08:00 - Beijing/ Hong Kong
• UTC 09:00 - Tokyo
• UTC 10:00 - Sydney
• UTC 11:00 - NoumÃÆ'Â © a
• UTC 12:00 - Auckland
• UTC 13:00 - Samoa
• UTC-10: 00 - Honolulu
• UTC-09: 00 - Anchorage
• UTC-08: 00 - Los Angeles/ Vancouver
• UTC-07: 00 - Denver
• UTC-06: 00 - Chicago
• UTC-05: 00 - New York City/ Toronto
• UTC-04: 00 - Caracas/ Puerto Rico
• UTC-03: 00 - Buenos Aires
• UTC-02: 00 - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
• UTC-01: 00 - Azores

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History

Peter Henlein is often described as the inventor of the first pocket watch, "Egg Nuremberg", in 1510, but this claim appears to be a 19th century invention and does not appear in older sources.

Until the 1970s quartz revolution, all watches were mechanical. Early watches are not very precise; which can vary as much as 15 minutes in a day. Modern precision (several seconds per day) was not achieved by any hour until 1760, when John Harrison invented his marine chronometer. Precision was achieved since the first 1854 by the Waltham Watch Company, through the industrialization of the manufacturing process of the movement's part, to achieve the required accuracy: they won the Gold Medal at 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition with many randomly taken watches from the production line, (eg Elgin Watch Company) and watch industry worldwide.

Mechanical watches are supported by a major push. Modern mechanical watches require 1 microwatt order of average power. Since the primary drive provides uneven resources (the torque continues to decline as the spring breaks down), the clock from the early 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century features a chain-driven fuse that acts to adjust the output of the driving torque along its turn.. Unfortunately, the fuses are very fragile, highly breakable, and are the source of many problems, especially the inaccuracy of timeliness when the fusee chain becomes loose or loses its speed after lack of maintenance.

When new types of breakouts are created that serve to isolate the clock from the source of time, spring balance, the watch can be built without fusee and remain accurate.

In the early 18th century the original initial dissatisfaction, which required fusee, was gradually replaced in better French watches with a cylinder escape, and in the British watch with duplex overlays. Then in the 19th century they were replaced by lever releases that have been used almost exclusively ever since. The cheaper version of the lever, pin lever, patented in 1867 by Georges Frederic Roskopf was used in cheap watches until the 1970s.

Because mechanical wristwatches became less popular and less favored in the 1970s, watch designs and industrialists came out with automatic clocks. If a mechanically wrapped clock must be wrapped with a pendant or a levered arrangement, the automatic clock does not need to be wrapped around the locket; just turning the watch will rotate the clock automatically. The inside of an automatic watch puts a rotating metal or brass "plate" that rotates on its axis when the watch is shaken horizontally.

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See also

• Chronograph
• Historical watches
• Jewel bearing
• Quartz clock
• Rail chronometer
• Wrist watches
• Tourbillon
• Marine Chronometer

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References

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External links

• Rolex 3135 Mechanics Watch Movement Assembly, Alliance Horlogere
• Mechanical Hand Motion Dismantle Watching Movement
• Unpack the mechanical watch, Horlogerie-Suisse
• Reassemble mechanical watches, Horlogerie-Suisse
• Works with a simple mechanical watch, Horlogerie-Suisse
• Explanation Of The Mechanical Movements In Watch A, TimeZone.com
• Automatic Mechanical Watch Movement, How It Works Goods
• Video: Inner Works from Mechanical Watch

Source of the article : Wikipedia