The Pennsylvania Dutch Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch , listen Ã, ) is a cultural group formed by early German-speaking immigrants to Pennsylvania and their offspring. The word "Dutch" does not refer to Dutch or Dutch, but to German settlers, known as Deutsch (in standard German) and Deitsch (in their dialect speaking, Palatine Germany). Most emigrated to America from Germany or Switzerland in the 17th and 18th centuries. Over time, the various dialects spoken by these immigrants merged into a unique German dialect known as Pennsylvania Germany or Pennsylvania "The Netherlands". At one time, over a third of the Pennsylvania population spoke this language.
The Pennsylvania Pennsylvania people maintained many religious affiliations, with the greatest number being Lutherans or the German Reformation, but also with many Anabaptists, including Mennonites, Amish, and Hutterites. Anabaptist religions promote a simple lifestyle, and their followers are known as Plain or Plain Dutch. This is different from Fancy Dutch, which tends to assimilate more easily into the mainstream of America. Other religions were also represented by the late 1700s, in smaller numbers.
Video Pennsylvania Dutch
Etymology
Pennsylvania Germany ( Deitsch , Pennsylvania Deitsch , Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch , listen , commonly called Pennsylvania Dutch ) are a variety of West Central German languages ​​spoken by the Amish, the Old Order Mennonite, and other German immigrant ancestry in the United States and Canada, closely linked to the Palatine dialect.
During the Middle Ages the use of "Dutch" in English refers to the speakers of West Germany from the continent of Europe in general. From c. 1600 and beyond it is mainly limited to residents of the Low Countries.
After the Second World War, the use of Pennsylvania Germany nearly died for England, except among the more insular and tradition-bound Anabaptists, such as the Old Order of the Amish and the Old Order of Mennonites. A number of German cultural practices continue to this day, and German Americans remain the largest group of ancestors claimed in Pennsylvania by people in the census.
Maps Pennsylvania Dutch
Geography
The Pennsylvania Netherlands lives mainly in Southeastern and in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, a large area covering South Central Pennsylvania, in an area that stretches in bows from Bethlehem and Allentown through Reading, Lebanon, and Lancaster to York and Chambersburg. Some Pennsylvania Dutch live in a historically Dutch-speaking Pennsylvania area in Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia.
Immigrants from the Palatinate of the Rhine
Many Pennsylvania Netherlands are descendants of refugees who have abandoned religious persecution in the Palatinate of the Rhine of Germany. For example, some Amish and Mennonite came to Palatinate and the surrounding areas of the German-speaking part of Switzerland, where, as Anabaptists, they were persecuted, and so their stay in Palatinate was of limited duration.
Most of the Netherlands Pennsylvania has much further roots back in the Palatinate. During the Great Alliance War (1689-97), French troops plundered the Palatinate region, forcing many Germans to flee. The War of the Palatinate (as it is called in Germany), also called the Augsburg League War, began in 1688 as Louis XIV took the claim of the Electorate of the Palatinate. French troops destroy all major cities in the region, including Cologne. In 1697 the war almost ended with the Ryswick Treaty, now Rijswijk in Holland, and the Palatinate is still free of French control. However, in 1702, the Spanish War of Succession began, which lasted until 1713. French expansionism forced many of the Palatine families to flee as refugees.
Immigration to the US.
Some German emigration to America from the Rhine region was caused by the destruction of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and the war between the German and French empires. Members of this group established the Germantown district, northwest of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, in 1683. They settled on land sold by William Penn to them. Germantown not only includes Mennonites but also Quakers.
Mennonites from this group were organized by Francis Daniel Pastorius, an agent for a land purchase company based in Frankfurt am Main. None of the Frankfurt Company ever came to Pennsylvania except for Pastorius himself, but 13 German Mennonite (German-speaking) German families appeared on October 6, 1683, in Philadelphia. They joined eight other Dutch-speaking families from Hamburg-Altona in 1700 and five German-speaking families from Palatinate in 1707.
In 1723, some 33 Palatine families, dissatisfied under the rule of Hunter Governor, migrated from Schoharie, New York, along the Susquehanna River to Tulpehocken, Berks County, Pennsylvania, where the other Palatines had settled. They became farmers and used intensive German farming techniques that proved very productive.
Another wave of settlers from Germany, which eventually merged to form a large part of the Dutch Pennsylvania, arrived between 1727 and 1775; about 65,000 Germans landed in Philadelphia during that era and others landed at another port. Another wave from Germany arrived 1749-1754. Not everyone Mennonit; some are Quakers, for example. The majority comes from what is now southwestern Germany, namely, Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-WÃÆ'¼rttemberg; Other prominent groups are the Alsatians, the Dutch, the French Huguenot (French Protestant), Moravians from Bohemia and Moravia and Germany from Switzerland.
The Pennsylvania Netherlands comprises nearly half the Pennsylvania population and generally supports the Patriot cause in the American Revolution. Henry Miller, a Swiss-born immigrant, published an early German translation of the Declaration of Independence (1776) in his newspaper Philadelphische Staatsbote. Miller often writes on Swiss history and myths, such as the legend of William Tell, to provide a context for patriot support in conflict with Britain.
Frederick Muhlenberg (1750-1801), a Lutheran minister, became a major patriot and politician, rising to be elected Chairman of the US House of Representatives.
Migration to Canada
An early group, mainly from the Roxborough-Germantown area of ​​Pennsylvania, emigrated to the colonies of Nova Scotia in 1766 and founded Monckton Township, the current location of Moncton, New Brunswick. The vast Steeves clan descended from this group.
After the American Revolution, John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, invited Americans, including the Mennonites and the German Baptist Brethren, to settle in the territory of North America of the United Kingdom and offer land for immigrant groups. This resulted in a community of Dutch speakers in Pennsylvania emigrating to Canada, much to the so-called German Tract Company in Township of Waterloo, which later became Waterloo County, Ontario. Some still live in the area around Markham, Ontario and particularly in the northern region of the current Waterloo region. Some members of these two communities formed the Mennonite Conference of Markham-Waterloo. Today, Dutch in Pennsylvania is mostly used by the Old Order of Mennonites.
From the 1800s to the 1830s, several Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonites in Upstate New York and Pennsylvania moved north to Canada, mainly to areas that would be Cambridge, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario/Waterloo, Ontario and St.. Jacobs, Ontario/Elmira, Ontario/Listowel, Ontario in Waterloo County, Ontario. The settlement began in 1800 by Joseph Schoerg and Samuel Betzner, Jr. (brother-in-law), Mennonites, from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Other settlers mostly followed from Pennsylvania usually by Conestoga trains. Many pioneers who arrived from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in the 60,000 acre section founded by a group of Mennonites from Lancaster County Pennsylvania, called the German Lands Company.
Fewer numbers of Pennsylvania Dutch settled in what would become the Greater Toronto Area in areas that would later be called Altona, Ontario, Pickering, Ontario and especially Markham Village, Ontario and Stouffville, Ontario. William Berczy, a German businessman and artist, has settled in northern New York and in May 1794, he was able to acquire 64,000 hectares in Markham Township, near the city of Toronto, Ontario today. Berczy arrived with about 190 German families from Pennsylvania and settled here. Others then moved to other locations in public areas, including the village they founded, the German Factory, Ontario, named for the mill; the community is now called Thornhill, Ontario), in a township that is now part of the York Territory.
Religion
Immigrants from the 1600s and 1700s known as the Pennsylvania Netherlands include the Mennonites, the Swiss Brethren (also called Mennonites by locals) and the Amish but also the German Pietists such as the German Baptist Brethren and those from German Lutheran churches or The German Reformed Church. The other settlers of the time were the Church of Moravianus while others were Baptists of the Seventh Day or members of Dunkard Brethren. Calvinist Palatines and several other religions at the lower levels are also represented.
More than 60% of immigrants who arrived in Pennsylvania from Germany or Switzerland in the 1700s and 1800s were Lutherans and they maintained good relations with people from the German Reformed Church. Both groups founded Franklin College (now Franklin & Marshall College) in 1787.
Henry Muhlenberg (1711-1787) founded the Lutheran Church in America. He organized the Ministerium of Pennsylvania in 1748, setting the standard organizational format for new churches and helping to shape the Lutheran liturgy.
Muhlenberg was sent by Lutheran bishops in Germany, and he always stressed strict adherence to Lutheran dogma. Muhlenberg's view of church unity contrasts directly with Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf's Moravian approach, with the aim of uniting various German German religious groups under the less rigid "Congregation of the Lord in the Spirit." The difference between the two approaches led to a permanent deadlock between the Lutherans and the Moravians, especially after the December 1742 meeting in Philadelphia. The Moravians settled in Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans.
See also
- Amish
- List of Amish and his descendants
- Mennonite
- Schwenkfeldian
- Old German Baptist Brethren
- German language
- Dashes
- The Netherlands State of Pennsylvania
- Hiwwe wie Driwwe newspaper
- Michael Werner (publisher)
- Dutch Pennsylvania cuisine
- German Americans
- Helen Reimensnyder Martin, author
- Anna Balmer Myers, author
- John Schmid, singer
- Fracture (German folk art of Pennsylvania)
- Kurrent's
- Dwight Schrute, fictitious characters in Office
References
Bibliography
- Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds. German Pennsylvania: Interpretative Encyclopedia (: Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp.
- Grubb, Farley. "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820," Interdisciplinary History Journal Vol. 20, No. 3 (Winter, 1990), pp.Ã, 417-436 at JSTOR
- Louden, Mark L. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of the American Language. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.
- McMurry, Sally, and Nancy Van Dolsen, eds. Architecture and Landscape Germany Pennsylvania, 1720-1920 (study of their homes, churches, barns, outbuildings, commercial buildings, and landscapes
- Nolt, Steven, Stranger in His Own Land: Pennsylvania Germany in Early American Republic , Penn State U. Press, 2002 ISBNÃ, 0-271-02199-3
- Roeber, A. G. Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutheran in English Colonial English (1998)
- Roeber, A. G. "In the German Way of Problems and Potential of Social History and Emigration of the Eighteenth Century Germany," William & Mary Quarterly, Oct 1987, Vol. 44 Edition 4, pp 750-774 at JSTOR
External links
- The German Society of Pennsylvania
- Hiwwe using Driwwe - the Pennsylvania Pennsylvania newspaper
- the Lancaster County tourism website
- Overview of Pennsylvania German Culture
- The German-American Heritage Foundation in Washington, DC
- "Why Germany Pennsylvania remains in effect in the eastern part of the State", by George Mays, M.D.. Read, Pa., Printed by Daniel Miller, 1904
- Schwenkfelder & amp; Heritage Center
- FamilyHart Pennsylvania Family Genealogy and Dutch Database
- Alsatian Roots of Pennsylvania Dutch Firestones
- Dutch Family History Pennsylvania, Ancestry, Culture and Life
- Some digital books about the arts and crafts of the Dutch Pennsylvania, designs, and prints from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Museum
- In Pennsylvania Germany
- Deitscherei.org - Fer der Deitsch Wandel
- Hiwwe wie Driwwe - The Pennsylvania German Newspaper
- The German Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments