A callus is a thickened skin area formed in response to friction, pressure, or other irritation. Since repeated contact is necessary, calluses are most commonly found in the foot because of frequent walking and misfit footwear. Although they can be considered unsightly, calluses are generally harmless, but if neglected in the long term can sometimes cause other problems, such as skin ulceration or infection, or cause the sufferer to try and release the affected area of ​​pain, may place excessive stress on side without symptoms. Rubbing that too often or strongly will cause blisters compared to calluses to form.
Video Callus
Penyebab
Usually, the callus will form on the part of the skin that is exposed to excessive friction over a long period of time. For example, people often develop calluses on the middle finger of their dominant hands as they write with a pen or pencil. Other causes are from playing stringed instruments such as guitar or violin; calluses will develop on the four fingers of the hand used in holding the strings onto the fingerboard, and occasionally on the fingers used for pizzicato or picking. The iron rod usually has callus on the upper palm area due to repeated friction. Calluses are also very common in the climber's fingers on almost all of their fingers. There are many activities that can result in callus formation, which can even be seen as a badge of experience and commitment to the activity.
Activities known for causing calluses include (but are not limited to) construction work, sports, wood carvings, playing musical instruments, using chef knives, rock climbing, hiking, martial arts, weight training, rowing, BMXing, dancing (especially ballet ), cut wood, monkey bars and wear high heels. Tenpin bowlers often develop calluses on their thumbs and sometimes their middle fingers from frequent bowling. Although often found in the foot (where pressure and friction are applied most), calluses can occur anywhere on the body in reaction to moderate and constant "grinding" pressures.
In the legs, arguably the most problematic calluses, they usually form in the area of ​​the metatarsal-falangeal joint ("foot ball), heel and small toes due to the compression applied by tight shoes.
Biologically, calluses are formed by undifferentiated keratinocyte accumulation in the outermost layer of the skin. Although the calluses cells die, they are quite resistant to mechanical and chemical humiliation due to the wide network of crosslinked proteins and hydrophobic keratin intermediate filaments containing many disulphide bonds. This is a natural reaction of the palmar or plantar skin. Too much friction that occurs too quickly for the skin to develop protective callus will cause blister or abrasion.
Sometimes callus occurs when there is no rubbing or pressure. This hyperkeratosis can have various causes. Some toxic materials, such as arsenic, can cause palms and thick palms. Some diseases, such as syphilis, can cause thickening of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet as well as proper hyperkeratosis. There is a benign condition called keratosis palmaris et plantaris , which produces corns in the folds of the radius and the non-heavy bearing space of the feet. Some of these may be caused by actinic keratosis, which occurs due to excessive sun exposure or with age and hormonal shifts.
Corn
Corn (or clavus , plural clavi ) is a specialized callus of dead skin that usually occurs on the surface of the skin is thin or bare (hairy and smooth), especially on the dorsal surface toes or fingers. Sometimes it can occur on the surface of the thicker palmar or plantar skin. Corn is formed when the pressure point on the skin traces the elliptical or semi-elliptical path during a rubbing motion, the center at the pressure point, gradually widening. If there is constant stimulation of the tissues that produce maize, even after corn is removed surgically, the skin may continue to grow as a corn.
The hard part in the middle of the corn resembles a funnel with a protruding top and a pointy bottom. Because of its shape, maize intensifies the pressure on the tip and can cause deep tissue damage and ulceration. The scientific name for corn is heloma (plural helomata ). The hard corn is called the durum heloma , while the soft corn is called helle molle .
The location of soft corn tends to be different from the hard corn. The hard corn appears on the surface of dry and flat skin. The soft corn (often found between the adjacent toes) remains moist, keeping the surrounding skin soft. However, the corn center is not soft, but not maintained.
Diagnostic and special care checks for maize may differ substantially from other calluses.
Maps Callus
Prevention
Corn and calluses are more easily prevented than cured. When it is usually undesirable to form callus, minimizing friction and pressure will prevent callus formation. Footwear should be installed properly, gloves can be worn, and protective pads, rings or leather pads may be used. People with poor circulation or sensation should check their skin frequently for signs of rubbing and irritation so they can minimize damage.
Treatment
Calluses and maize can disappear on their own in the end, once irritation is consistently avoided. They can also be dissolved with a keratolytic agent containing salicylic acid, sanded with a pumice or silicon carbide sandpaper or inserted down with a callus shaver, or peeled by a professional such as a podiatrist.
Diabetes
People with diabetes face special skin challenges. Because diabetes affects the capillaries, small blood vessels that feed the skin, the thickening of the skin with callus increases the difficulty in supplying nutrients to the skin. Callus formation is seen in a large number of patients with diabetes, and along with a missing leg and foot hammer formation, this may be an early sign of an individual at an increased risk of foot ulcers.
The stiffness of the callus or corn, coupled with the shear and pressure that causes it, can tear the capillaries or adjacent tissues, causing bleeding in the callus or corn. Often, bleeding in the callus is an early sign of diabetes, even before high blood sugar can be observed. Although bleeding may be small, sometimes small pools of blood or hematoma are formed. The blood itself is an irritant, a foreign object inside the callus that makes the area burn or itch. If a pool of blood is exposed, infections may occur. Infection can also cause ulceration. Fortunately, this process can be prevented in some places. Diabetic foot infection is a major cause of amputation of diabetic forehead.
Other meanings
In botany, the term is also used to describe the condition of the thickened leaf surface or other plant parts. Callus can also refer to the undifferentiated plant cell mass that grows in the culture medium, which can be incorporated into the bioreactor to produce genetically identical cells. This is a type of tissue culture, and can be started from almost all parts of the plant, although tissue taken from around the meristem usually produces the best results.
The term has also been used in orthopedic medicine to describe the heterogeneous tissues involved in the intermediate stage of bone healing.
In English, the "unfeeling" adjective means being insensitive or unfeeling, just like how calluses can cause a loss of pain sensitivity in the affected area.
See also
- Hyperkeratosis
- Shifting
- Katagmatic
Note
References
- Medical Dictionary of Cyclopedic Taber , 15th Edition, CL Thomas, M.D., M.P.H., editor, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1985.
- Merck Medical Manual Medical Information, Home Edition , R Berkow, M.D., et al., editor, Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1997.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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