The history of the Australian Labor Party (federally spelled Labor before 1912) has its origins in the Labor party founded in the 1890s in an Australian colony before the federation. The labor tradition mentioned the establishment of the Queensland Labor Party for a conspicuous pastoral work meeting under the gum tree of ghosts ("Knowledge Tree") in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The Balmain Branch, New South Wales of the party claimed to be the oldest. in Australia. Labor as a parliamentary party originated in 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia, 1893 in Queensland, and later in other colonies.
The first election contested by the Labor candidates was the election of New South Wales in 1891, in which the Labor Party candidate (later called the New South Wales Labor Election League) won 35 out of 141 seats. The big parties are the Free Tradeist and Protectionist parties and the Labor Party holds the balance of power. It offers parliamentary support in exchange for policy enforcement. Also in 1891, three United Nations Laborers (ULP) of South Australian candidates were elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. In 1893 the South Australian election, the United Labor Party led by John McPherson won 10 of 54 seats and the balance of power in the House of Assembly, allowing Charles Kingston's liberal government to be formed, ousting the conservative government of John Downer. In 1905 the South Australian election, Thomas Price became the first Prime Minister of Workers in South Australia. Re-elected to the election of the 1906 dual dissolution that served until his death in 1909, it was the first stable stable Labor government in the world. So successful, John Verran led the Labor Party to form the first government in many countries in South Australia elections in 1910. In 1899, Anderson Dawson formed the Labor minority government of Queensland, the world's first one-week government labor government, while the conservative rejoined after the split.
The colonial Labor parties and unions are mixed in their support for the Australian Federation. Some representatives of the Labor Party argued against the proposed constitution, claiming that the proposed Senate was too strong, similar to the colonial anti-reformist houses and the British House of Lords. They fear the federation will further strengthen the strength of the conservative forces. The leader of the first Labor Party after the 1901 prime federal election and then Prime Minister Chris Watson, however, was a supporter of the federation.
After the 1903 federal election, the minority government of forty in 1904 Watson was the first Labor government in the world at the national level. Then led by Andrew Fisher, the Labor Party's success in the 1910 federal election represents a number of first things: it is the first federal majority government elected in Australia; The first elected Senate in Australia; the world's first majority Labor government at the national level; after 1904, the minority government of Chris Watson became the second Labor government at the national level.
Video History of the Australian Labor Party
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The Labor Party is usually described as a social democratic party, and its constitution establishes that it is a democratic socialist party. The party was created by, and always influenced by, trade unions, and in practice Labor politicians consider themselves as part of a wider labor movement and tradition. At the first federal election in 1901 the Labor platform called for the White Australia Policy, the army of citizens and arbitration mandatory industrial disputes. The Labor Party has historically been a pragmatic party, and at various times supports high tariffs and low tariffs, conscription and pacifism, Australian White and multiculturalism, nationalization and privatization, isolationism and internationalism.
Historically, Labor and its affiliated unions are strong opponents of non-English immigration, declared as a White Australia policy that prohibits all non-European migration to Australia. In addition to the 19th century pseudo-scientific theory of "racial purity", the main concern of the workers is the fear of economic competition from immigrants ready to receive low wages, views shared by the vast majority of Australians and all major political parties. In practice the labor movement opposes all migration, arguing that immigrants compete with Australian workers and lower wages. This objection continued until after World War II, when the Chifley Government launched a major immigration program. The party's opposition to non-European immigration remained unchanged until after Arthur Calwell's retirement as leader in 1967. After that Labor had become a supporter of multiculturalism, although several trade union bases and some of its members continued to oppose high levels of immigration..
The early NSW Labor caucus analysis revealed "a group of unhappy amateurs", composed of blue-collar workers, squatters, doctors, and even mine owners, suggesting that the only socialist workers' class that constituted the Labor Party was incorrect. In addition, many members of the working class supported the liberal idea of ​​free trade between colonies - in the first group of state lawmakers, 17 out of 35 were free traders.
In the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917, support for socialism grew at the level of trade unions, and in 1921 the All Trade Union Congress of Australia a resolution was passed calling for "industrial socialization, production, distribution and exchange." As a result, the Federal Labor Conference 1922 adopted the same "socialist goal", which has remained an official policy for many years. The immediate resolution qualifies, however, by the "Blackburn amendment," which says that "socialization" is only necessary when it is necessary to "eliminate exploitation and other anti-social features."
Maps History of the Australian Labor Party
Initial decade
Celia Hamilton, examining New South Wales, argues for the central role of Catholic Ireland. Before 1890, they opposed Henry Parkes, the main Liberal leader, and free trade, seeing them as representatives of Protestant England representing land ownership and big business interests. In the 1890 strike, Sydney Catholic Archbishop Francis Francis Moran sympathized with the union, but the Catholic newspaper was negative. After 1900, Hamilton said, Irish Catholics were attracted to the Labor Party because of its emphasis on social equity and welfare combined with their status as manual laborers and small farmers. In the 1910 election, the Labor Party rose in a more Catholic area and the representation of Catholics increased in the Labor parliament.
In the Federation, the Labor Party has no national organization. It was several years before the party would have a significant structure or organization at the federal level. The first election for the federal Parliament in 1901 was opposed by Labor parties in five of the six states - in Tasmania, where no Labor party, King O'Malley was elected as independent candidate. In total, they won 15% of the vote and 14 of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives and eight Senate venues, and two Independent joined the party. The 24 Labor members met as the federal parliamentary Labor Party (informally known as the Caucus, composed of members of the House of Representatives and Senate) on May 8, 1901 at the Parliament Building, Melbourne, the first federal Parliament meeting place. Caucus was elected leader of Chris Watson, decided to call the Federal Labor Party and to support the Protocolist minority government against the Free Trade Party. Federal Labor under Watson increased the number to 23 in the House and 8 in the Senate in the 1903 federal election and continued to hold the balance of power and support the Protectionist Party. However, in April 1904, Watson and Deakin raised the issue of expanding the industrial relations law on Conciliation and Arbitration Laws to cover public servants, leading Deakin to resign. Free Trade Leader George Reid refused to take office, which saw Watson become the first Labor Prime Minister, and head of the world's first Labor government at the national level (Anderson Dawson had led a short-lived Labor government in Queensland in December 1899), though he was minority government which lasted only four months. He is 37 years old, and still the youngest Prime Minister in Australian history. After Watson's rule fell, Deakin became prime minister again for a short time, to be followed by Reid's Free Trade Party, which had the Labor Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904, which was the cause of political upheaval, graduating.
George Reid of the Free Trade Party adopted a strategy to try to reorient the party system along the Labor vs Non-Labor line - before the 1906 federal election, he changed his name to Free Trade Party to the Anti-Socialist Party. Reid considers the spectrum that flows from socialist to anti-socialist, with the Protagonist Party in the center. This effort touched the hearts of politicians who deepened the tradition of Westminster and considered the two-party system as the norm.
In the 1906 election, which now allows postal voting, Watson upped Labor's seats to the 26th position. Although they have more seats than the Protista Party with 16, the Labor Party supports Deakin as Prime Minister. Watson resigned as leader in 1907 and was replaced by Andrew Fisher. Fisher withdrew his support for the Deakin government on 13 November 1908 and formed a minority government. The Fisher government passed many laws. An offended stand, who believes that an anti-socialist alliance is needed to counter the growing electoral domination of the Labor Party, suppresses the new leader of the Deakin-led and Anti-Socialist Party, Joseph Cook, to start merger talks. The main protectionist body, including Deakin and his supporters, joined the Anti-Socialist Party in May 1909 to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party, known as "Fusion", with Deakin as leader and Cook as deputy leader. The more liberal Protectorists defected to the Labor Party. Deakin now holds a majority in the House of Representatives and Fisher's government fell in a vote on May 27, 1909. Fisher failed to persuade Governor-General Lord Dudley to dissolve Parliament and Deakin formed Australia's first majority rule in June 1909, under the CLP banner, which ruled less one year until the 1910 federal election, was held in April of that year.
In the election of 1910, Fisher led the Labor Party to victory with 50% of the vote and 42 seats. The Fisher government is the first federal majority government elected in Australia, which holds the majority of Australia's first Senate (22 out of 36), and is the world's first majority-party labor government. This is the first time a labor party controls any legislative house, and the first time it controls both bicameral legislatures. Labor imposes much of its policy in its first administration in areas such as defense, constitutional issues, finance, transport and communications, and social security, including setting old age pensions and disabilities, improving working conditions including maternity benefits and workers compensation, creating currency national, forming the Royal Australian Navy, commencement of construction for the Trans-Australian Railway, expanding the Australian High Court bench, establishing Canberra and establishing the government's Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Fisher undertook actions to break up land monopolies, submit proposals for more working hours, wage and working conditions, and amend the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904 to grant greater authority to court presidents and to enable the Commonwealth industry union, registered in the Arbitration Court. Land taxes, which aim to break down large estates and to provide a wider scope for small-scale farming, are also introduced, while the coverage of the Arbitration system is extended to agricultural workers, households and state employees. In addition, the age at which women become eligible for retirement is lowered from 65 to 60. The introduction of maternity allowance allows more births to be attended by doctors, thus leading to a reduction in infant mortality. Fisher also for the first time appointed a High Commissioner to England.
State branches also succeed, except in Victoria, where Deakinite liberalism forces hamper party growth. State branches formed their first major government in New South Wales and South Australia in 1910, in Western Australia in 1911, in Queensland in 1915 and in Tasmania in 1925. The success avoided the social democratic parties and equal workers in other countries for many years. Labor also proposed two reference questions in 1911, both missing. The party adopted the official name of the "Australian Labor Party" in 1908, but changed the spelling of "Labor" in its name to "Labor" in 1912.
World War I conscription and split 1916
In the federal election of 1913, Fisher lost a seat to the Commonwealth Liberal Party, led by Joseph Cook, who had left the Labor party in 1894, but the Labor party retained a majority of the Senate. The Labor Party has proposed six reference questions in relation to the 1913 election, all of which are missing. After the 1913 election, the Labor Party formed the Opposition, the first time the party held that status, previously either in government or in favor of the government party. A double dissolution was referred to in 1914 on a proposal to eliminate preferential work for union members in the public service. However, after the election of 1914 has been called, the British war declaration made the election a side issue. The interim ruling government and the state went on a war foothold, with mobilization and other measures. Both sides expressed their full commitment to the war effort. Despite the government's historic advantage at the start of the war, Labor under Fisher gained a majority in both assemblies, with the majority in the Senate becoming extraordinary. In 1915, Fisher retired as Prime Minister and party leader and was replaced by Billy Hughes.
Hughes supported the introduction of conscripts in Australia during World War I, while the majority of his Labor colleagues and trade union movements opposed him. After failing to win majority support for conscription in 1916 plebiscite, bitterly dividing the country and Labor Party Hughes and 24 of his followers - including most of the cabinet - left the Caucus and were subsequently expelled from the Labor Party.
Frank Tudor became leader of the Labor Party while Hughes and his followers formed the National Labor Party. Hughes continued in office at the helm of a minority government with the support of Parliament from the Commonwealth Liberal Party, led by Cook. The two sides then joined to form the Australian Nationalist Party against the 1917 elections, which they won convincingly on the big swings, enlarged by a large number of Labor MPs who followed Hughes out of the party. As a result, Hughes became and remains a traitor in the history of Labor.
Hughes then held a 1917 plebiscite on the same conscription issue, which was even more defeated. Village-based rural parties became a political factor from the 1910s. The party represents small farmers, but has the effect of separating anti-Labor votes in the conservative territories of the country, and allows Labor Party candidates to win by minority votes. In response, the conservative Hughes government changed the voting system from the first post to the past to a preferential vote, allowing anti-Labor parties to fight the candidates against each other without placing seats at risk by exchanging preferences with each other other. In the 1919 election, Hughes lost the majority, but was kept in government by the State Party. Hughes also proposed two referendum questions in relation to the 1919 election, both of which were lost.
At the state level, William Holman, also a compulsive army supporter, quit the party at the same time and became Prime Minister of New South Wales.
1920s
Tudor died in 1922 and Matthew Charlton succeeded as Labor leader. In the 1922 election, the Labor Party won the most seats, but not the majority. Hughes can only realistically be in office with the support of the Party of State. However, the leader of the country Earle Page would not even consider negotiating with the Nationalists unless Hughes resigns. Hughes resigned as a Nationalist leader and was replaced by Stanley Bruce in 1923. Bruce and Page quickly reached a coalition deal that allowed Bruce to become Prime Minister.
In addition to Hughes's departure, the Party of State insisted on the introduction of a compulsory vote for federal elections, introduced in 1924. Another change is a further misapportionment this time that supports rural constituencies. In the 1925 election, the Labor Party led by Charlton again lost to the Coalition. (Labor received 45% of the vote and won 23 seats to the Coalition 51.) Labor, this time led by James Scullin, who succeeded Charlton earlier that year, also lost the election in 1928, but won the House election in 1929 to form a majority government but remain in the minority in the Senate. In 1930, Scullin broke the tradition by insisting that the Monarch act on the advice of the Australian prime minister in appointing the Governor-General, and urged the appointment of Isaac Isaacs, the first appointment to be born in Australia to the office. The appointment was denounced by the opposition Nationalist Party as a "practical republic", although it became the norm throughout the Commonwealth.
The Great Depression and the 1931 split
In 1931, the main issues revolved around how best to deal with the Great Depression in Australia and resulted in the division of the Labor Party. The ALP essentially divides the three ways, among believers in orthodox finances such as Prime Minister Scullin and a senior minister in his government, Joseph Lyons; proto-Keynesian like the federal Treasurer Ted Theodore; and those who believe in radical policies such as New South Wales Prime Minister Jack Lang, who wants to deny Australian debt to British bondholders. In 1931, Lyons and his supporters left the Labor party and joined the Nationalist Party to form the United Australia Party under his leadership. In the 1931 election, Labor was defeated by United Australia Party led by Lyons, who fought in the Coalition election with the State Party, but won enough seats to form self rule. The result was repeated in the 1934 elections except that Lyons had to form a government with the State Party. The result of a bad Labor Party was associated with the split of the Lang Workers in 1931. In the 1937 elections, the Labor Party led by John Curtin was again defeated by the Coalition. In the 1940 election, the Union Coalition of Australia led by Robert Menzies since 1939 and the State Party led by Archie Cameron were able to form a minority government with the support of parliament from two Independent. In October 1941, the two Independents shifted their support to the Labor Party, bringing Curtin to power.
World War II until the early 1950s
The governments of Curtin and Chifley set Australia through the second half of World War II and the early stages of the transition to peace. Labor leader John Curtin became prime minister in October 1941, before the outbreak of the Pacific War, when two independent members of the House of Representatives changed their support in the Hanged Parliament to the Labor Party. Payments for child donations were introduced in 1941, and widow pension in 1942. At the start of the Pacific campaign in December 1941, Curtin stated that "Australia is looking to America, free from pain due to traditional relations or our kinship relationship with the United Kingdom" thereby helping to form an Australian-American alliance (later formalized as ANZUS by the Menzies Government). Recalled as a strong war time leader and won a landslide victory in the 1943 elections, receiving 58.2% of the votes of two parties and the majority of the Senate. The Commonwealth unemployment benefit was introduced in 1945. Curtin died in the office shortly before the end of the war and was replaced by Ben Chifley.
Chifley Labor won the 1946 election winning 54.1% of the two-party vote voted against the Australian Liberal Party Coalition and the newly formed State Party. Chifley oversaw Australia's early transition to a peacetime economy. Early in this term, Chifley succeeded in obtaining voter approval for the Social Services 1961 referendum. The Chifley Initiative included the expansion of health care in Australia with Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and free hospital ward care, the introduction of Australian citizenship (1948), post- war, establishment of the Australian Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO), CSIRO reorganization and enlargement of Australian scientific organizations to CSIRO, Snowy Mountains Scheme, improvement of social services, establishment of the University Commission for the expansion of university education, creation of Commonwealth Employment Service (CES), Introduction of federal funds to The United States for public housing construction, the creation of civil rehabilitation services, over-viewing the foundations of Qantas and Trans Australia Airlines airlines, and the creation of the Australian National University. For the most part, Chifley sees the centralization of the economy as a means to achieve his ambitions.
After the war, the Communist Party of Australia contested the working-class leadership with the Australian Labor Party, and launched an industrial assault in 1947, culminating in Australia's 1949 coal strike. Chifley sees this as a communist challenge to the Labor Party's position in the labor movement. At the New South Wales Labor conference in June 1949, Chifley sought to define the labor movement as follows:
[A] big goal - the light on the hill - which we are targeting to achieve by working for the betterment of mankind... [Labor will] bring something better to people, better standard of living, greater happiness to mass of people.
After seven weeks, Chifley used Australian military power and a strike to break the strike, the first time such a thing was done by the Labor government. This measure measures Chifley's credibility among Labor's supporters.
In June 1948, the Chifley government adopted the British model for television in Australia, with the establishment of state-controlled television stations in every capital and a ban on commercial TV licenses. This policy was never practiced, because the Labor government had no chance to build a TV network before it was defeated in the 1949 election. The coalition of the Liberal-State Party entered by Robert Menzies changed the industrial structure by also permitting the establishment of an American-style commercial station.
The Chifley government made significant changes to the election law before the 1949 election: the voting system for the Senate was changed to a proportional vote, and there was a large increase in the number of members in each of the Parliaments.
With the increasingly uncertain economic prospects, after his efforts to nationalize the banks and after a coal miner's strike, Chifley lost his office in the 1949 election to Liberal National Coalition Robert Menzies. Workers still have a majority in the Senate. The Coalition Government tried to reverse the proposed nationalization of banks imposed by the previous Chifley government, but was frustrated by the majority of the Labor Senate. The government calls the dual dissolution and in the 1951 elections the Government of Menzies is returned, the Labor Party loses the Senate majority and the de-nationalization law of the bank is passed. Workers have not held a majority in the Senate since then.
DLP and the 1955 split
During the Korean War, the Menzies government tried to ban the Communist Party of Australia with the Communist Party of Civilization Communist Party Act 1950 (Cth) declared invalid by the High Court of the Communist Party of Australia v The Commonwealth . Immediately after the 1951 election, Chifley died and was replaced as party leader and leader of the Opposition by H.V. Evatt. Menzies then submitted the Communist Party's issue to the 1951 referendum, which was opposed by the Communist Party and the Australian Labor Party. (Evatt had been a counselor during the High Court case.) The referendum was badly defeated. The communist influence in unions, and through unions in the Labor Party, remains a powerful and emotive issue for a large number of ALP members, and the "soft-on-communism" tag is repeatedly used by the Menzies government against the party.
In the 1954 federal election, the Labor Party received more than 50% of popular votes and won 57 seats (up 5) to 64 coalitions. Later that year, Evatt blamed the Labor Party's defeat in the election on a "small minority of members, especially located in the State of Victoria", who conspired to weaken it. Evatt blames B. A. Santamaria and his supporters in the Victorian Labor Party, called "Grouper". Protestant and left-wing ministers strongly opposed the Santamaria Movement faction. The impasse between the groups led to the outbreak of the Australian Labor Party in 1955. In early 1955, the Federal executive of the Labor Party dissolved the Victoria state executive and appointed a new executive in his place. Both executives sent delegates to the 1955 National Conference in Hobart, where delegates from long-time executives were removed from the conference. The Victoria branch then split between pro-Evatt and pro-Santamaria factions, and in March the pro-Evatt executive suspended 24 members of Parliament of the country suspected of being a supporter of Santamaria. (Santamaria is not a member of the party.) Four ministers were forced to resign from the Victorian Labor government led by John Cain, thereby overthrowing the Labor government. In May 1955 the election of Victoria state, expelled members and others stood as the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist). It attracted 12.6% of the vote, mainly from the ALP, but because the vote broadly spread only one of the elected candidates. However, the party's goal was to direct preference to the Coalition, and most of its supporters followed party preferences. As a result, the Victorian Labor Party won 37.6% of the primary votes and 42.1% after the allocation of preferences; reached 20 seats for 34 Liberal Party and ten State Party. The Australian (Anti-Communist) Labor Party continued in 1957 to become the core of the Democratic Labor Party (DLP). At the next state and federal election, DLP will continue this strategy to keep ALP out of the office. Labor will remain an opposition in Victoria until 1982.
In New South Wales, the leader of the Labor Party and prime minister Joseph Cahill convincedly won the 1953 NSW election. He was desperate to keep New South Wales branch united during the split. He reached this by controlling anti-DLP factions in his party. DLP did not follow the NSW elections in 1956 and Cahill was returned to NSW elections in 1959, but died at the end of the year's office. He succeeded as a leader and premiered by Robert Heffron. Heffron resumed Labor rule in New South Wales winning NSW elections in 1962. Heffron resigned his leadership and prime minister in 1964, and was replaced by Jack Renshaw, who lost the prime minister in the 1965 NSW election which ended 24 years in Labor power in the state.
In Queensland, Labor leader and prime minister Vince Gair since 1952 was expelled from the Labor Party in 1957 for his support of Grouper, and later formed the Queensland Workers' Party. As happened earlier in Victoria, the expulsion destroyed the Queensland Labor government; Gair was defeated with a no-confidence motion, and in the election produced QLP directed his preference to non-Labor parties. Labor would remain an opposition in Queensland until 1989. QLP Gair was absorbed into the DLP in 1962.
Labor out of the desert
DLP was effective in keeping Labor out of government at the federal level until 1972, allowing the Coalition to defend the government in 1961 and 1969 on DLP preferences, even though the Labor Party won a two-party majority vote. DLP is also effective in its strategy in Victoria and Queensland. In 1960, Evatt succeeded as a party leader by Arthur Calwell. Calwell almost overthrew Menzies in the 1961 election, but failed because of DLP preferences. He also did not succeed in the 1963 and 1966 elections. He resigned his leadership in 1967 and was replaced by Gough Whitlam. Under Whitlam, the point of view of the ALP ideology, which produces what is now known as the Socialist Left which tends to support more interventionist economic policies and more socially progressive ideals, and Labor Rights, the now dominant faction which tends to be more economically liberal and focus on lower levels on social issues. Whitlam and the ALP almost won the government in the 1969 elections, but again failed because of DLP preferences and district electoral bias in favor of rural voters who favor State Party. Whitlam won the 1972 election, bringing the DLP strategy to keep the ALP out of unfinished power. In the Labor Party's main vote the vote was just under 50%, while the DLP slumped to 5%.
The Whitlam Labor Government, marking a pause with Labor's socialist tradition, pursued a social-democratic policy rather than a democratic socialist. The Whitlam government issued a large number of legislation, and saw a massive expansion of the federal budget to implement a large number of new programs and policy changes, including free tertiary education, the formal removal of White Australia Policy, the implementation of legal aid programs, the abolition of conscripts and criminal executions, health in Australia became universal with the creation of Medibank, and tariffs cut across the board by 25 percent. In 1974, Whitlam divided DLP by appointing Gair as ambassador to Ireland. Whitlam led the federal Labor Party to win again in the 1974 double election elections, followed by the only joint session of Parliament. (DLP in 1974 surveyed only 1% of the vote and lost all of its Senate seats.The party officially ended in 1978.)
The Whitlam government lost office after Australia's constitutional crisis of 1975 and dismissal by Governor-General John Kerr after the Coalition blocked supplies in the Senate after a series of political scandals, and was defeated in the 1975 election. Whitlam remained party leader until his loss in the 1977 election, when he was replaced by Bill Hayden.
Hayden improved Labor's vote in the 1980 elections but was replaced by Bob Hawke in 1983, who led Labor back to office in the 1983 election. Hawke was defeated as Labor leader in 1991 against Paul Keating who has been Australia's Treasurer since 1983. Hawke The Prime Minister who served the longest in the field of labor and the Prime Minister who served the third longest in Australia. Hawke and Keating led the Labor Party to victory in five consecutive federal elections: 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990 and 1993. The Hawke and Keating Labor governments radically changed the Australian economy, departing from the historical bipartisan Keynesian approach to the Australian economy, Australia from the government's fixed exchange rate to a floating exchange rate. Extensive deregulation of the financial and banking system takes place, both of which make Australia significantly more integrated with the global economy. Privatization of the state sector industry took place, including Qantas and Commonwealth Bank. The tariff system is dismantled, and subsidies from some losing industries end. Low-income centralized wage income is introduced through Price Accord and Acceptance, and company negotiations are introduced. The tax system is altered, including the introduction of tax allowances and capital gains taxes. Superannuation in Australia is implemented with a 9% corporate contribution. Tertiary education costs in Australia see the HECS payment system being introduced as a substitute for free tertiary education that has been abolished after Whitlam. Medicare was introduced as a substitute for Medibank which has also been removed after Whitlam. Dental insurance through the Commonwealth Dental Health Program was introduced, but it was abolished after the Labor Party lost its government. Funding for schools is greatly improved, financial assistance is provided to students to enable them to stay in school longer, an Australian native degree is recognized, and progress is made in directing aid to the most disadvantaged recipient of the entire range of welfare benefits. The Australian Parliament itself is reformed in several ways. The duration of the 13-year-old Labor government saw thousands of Acts authorized by the Australian Parliament, although the Labor Party did not have a majority of the Senate.
Rudd vs Gillard
Keating's government was defeated by John Howard in the 1996 election and Keating resigned as party leader soon after. He was replaced by Kim Beazley, who led the party in the 1998 election, won 51% of the two-party vote but failed in the seat, and lost in the 2001 election. Mark Latham became leader in December 2003 and led Labor in the 2004 elections but lost further. Beazley replaced Latham in 2005 and Beazley in turn was challenged by Kevin Rudd who later defeated Howard's government in the 2007 election winning 52.7% of the two party votes. The majority of the Senate parliament needs good support from the Coalition, or all seven crossbenchers - five Greens, Nick Xenophon and Steve Fielding. The Rudd government signed the Kyoto Protocol, and apologized to the Australian Natives for the stolen generation. Industrial relations system The previous government coalition was largely dismantled and Fair Work Australia was created. Discussion of the National Broadband Network (NBN) and the final agreement with Telstra took place and the construction and launch began, the remaining personnel of the Iraq War fighter were withdrawn, and the "Australian Summit 2020" was held. Workers reduced their income tax rates in 2008, 2009 and 2010, and increased pensions, as well as additional funding for health and education. A new Dental Plan was launched, while about 100 laws relating to same-sex relations in the LGBT community were changed after the HREOC investigation found them to be discriminatory. In response to the Global Financial Crisis, the government issued an economic stimulus package, and Australia was one of the few western countries to avoid a recession in the late 2000s.
Between 2007 federal elections and the 2008 Western Australia state election, the Labor Party is in national government, as well as in all eight state and territory legislatures. This is the first time any single party or coalition has achieved this since ACT and NT gained self-government. After nearly losing a government in Western Australia in 2008 and Victoria state elections in the 2010 state election, Labor lost control of a landslide in New South Wales in state and 2011 state elections in Queensland in 2012 state elections.
Leadership Rudd and the prime minister ended in a spill of 2010 before the 2010 election with Rudd's replacement as leader by deputy leader Julia Gillard. In the 2010 elections, the Labor Party won 50.12% of the votes of two parties, but resulted in a hanging parliament. The Gillard government is currently forming a minority government in the House of Representatives with the support of four smugglers - three independent and one Green, giving the government a one-seat parliamentary majority. Later changes in the speaker and government support increased the parliamentary majority to three seats, then two seats. In the Senate, the Green Party with nine seats shifted from a balance of power positions to a single power balance position. The Gillard Government introduced the Clean Energy Act as a substitute for the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) in relation to compensation including further withholding taxes and increased tax-free thresholds, Mineral Resource Tax (MRRT) was introduced as a substitute for the Super Profit Resource Tax ( RSPT), Gillard reaches health care agreements with state and territory leaders, introduces paid parental leave, the law of plain cigarette packaging, the largest cuts on drug prices in Australian history under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), and allocates funds for children and concessionaires to receive dental insurance through Medicare. The 2011 National Workers Conference supports a voice of conscience for same-sex marriage in Australia through private member bills.
On February 19, 2013, the Greens announced that the Labor Party had ended alliances between the two parties. Before the election of 2013, Rudd was restored as party leader and Prime Minister, but after his election defeat, he withdrew from party leadership and membership of the House of Representatives.
Shorten the year
After the Labor Party's defeat in the 2013 elections and Rudd's resignation as leader, Bill Shorten was elected federal Labor Party leader in October by a new system of ratings and party members of 50% of the vote for party leadership. In the 2016 federal election, held on July 2, the Labor Party stepped up the seat at 14, but the Liberal/National Coalition government led by Malcolm Turnbull was returned with a single seat majority.
In the Victoria state election of 2014, the Labor Party led by Daniel Andrews defeated the one-term Coalition government. In the 2014 South Australian state election, Labor Party led by Jay Weatherill defended the administration for a fourth term, while in the 2015 Queensland state election, despite previous landslides, Labor Party led by Annastacia Palaszczuk defeated the long-term LNP government. In the 2016 Australian Capital Region election, the Labor Party led by Andrew Barr defended the government for a fifth term, with the support of The Greens. In the Northern Election Election 2016 led by Michael Gunner beat the long-term CLP government. In the 2017 Western Australia state election, the Labor Party led by Mark McGowan defeated the current Liberal-National government. 22 In August 2017, the Labor Party was in opposition in Tasmania and New South Wales, and in the federal Parliament.
Historical ALP split
The federal Australian Labor Party has split three times:
- In 1916 on the issue of conscription in Australia during the First World War. Labor Prime Minister Billy Hughes supports the introduction of conscription, while the majority of his colleagues in the ALP and trade union movement are against it. Having failed to win majority support for conscription in two national plebiscites that bitterly divide the country in the process, Hughes and his followers were expelled from the Labor Party. He first formed the National Labor Party before joining the Commonwealth Liberal Party which formed the Australian Nationalist Party, and remained Prime Minister until 1923. At the state level William Holman, also a conscripted supporter, left the party at the same time and became Prime Minister Nationalist Party of New South Wales.
- In 1931, economic problems revolved around how best to deal with the Great Depression in Australia. In the 1929 election in the House of Representatives, the Labor government led by James Scullin won the lower house majority but remained in a minority in the upper house. The ALP essentially divides three ways, among those who believe in radical policies like NSW Premier Jack Lang, who wants to deny Australian debt to UK bondholders; proto-Keynesian like the federal Treasurer Ted Theodore; and believers in orthodox finances such as Prime Minister James Scullin and a senior minister in his government, Joseph Lyons. In 1931 Lyons and his supporters left the party and joined the Australian Nationalist Party to form the United Australia Party, and became Prime Minister in 1932.
- In 1955 the communism that occurred during the period of the 1950s when the issue of communism and support for the cause or communist government led to major internal conflicts within the Labor party and the trade union movement in general. From 1945 onwards, staunchly anti-Communist Roman Catholic (Catholic became an important traditional support base) in the fight against communist union infiltration, forming the Industrial Group to control them, fostering strong internal conflicts. After Labor lost the 1954 election, federal leader Dr. H.V. Evatt "issued a statement that attacked Victoria's state executive ALP". He blamed the subversive activities of "Grouper" for defeat. After a fierce public dispute, many Groupers were expelled from the ALP and formed the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) whose intellectual leaders were the B.A. Santamaria. DLP is heavily influenced by Catholic social teaching and has the support of the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne, Daniel Mannix. Due to a veto strategy with a view for reunification, DLP's preference (see Australia's electoral system) helped the Australian Liberal Party retain power for more than two decades, but it was successfully marred by the Whitlam Labor Government during the 1970s, so after 1978 DLP was reduced became Victoria's "small ass", who continued the federal election contest as the DLP (according to parliamentary library election results for 1980 and beyond), despite failing to win the federal seat until the 2010 federal election when John Madigan was elected as the last Senator for Victoria.
List of federal leaders
The following is a list of federal Labor Party leaders:
Locks:
Ã, Protectionist
Ã, Free Trade
The Liberal Commonwealth
Ã, National Labor
Nationalist/United Australia
Country/National < br> Ã, Liberal
PM : The Prime Minister LO : Opposition Leader - Â : Died at the office
See also
References
Source
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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