History of California

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The history of California can be divided into: Native American period; The period of European exploration from 1542 to 1769; the Spanish colonial period, 1769 to 1821; the period of Mexico, 1821 to 1848; and the state of the United States, beginning September 9, 1850 (in Compromise 1850) which continues to this day.

California is settled from the North by a successive wave of arrivals over the past 10,000 years. It is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse regions in pre-Columbian North America. After contact with the Spanish explorer, most of the Native Americans died of European disease.

After the expedition of Portolá 1769-70, Spanish missionaries began to establish 21 California Mission on or near the coast of Alta (Upper) California, beginning with Mission San Diego de Alcala near the modern city of San Diego, California. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several fortress (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). Two of the pueblos will eventually grow into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose. After Mexican Independence was won in 1821, California fell under the jurisdiction of the First Mexican Empire. Fearing the influence of the Roman Catholic Church against their newly independent nation, the Mexican government closed all missions and nationalized the church property. They left a small "Californio" population of several thousand families, with some small military garrisons. After the Mexican-American War of 1846-48, Mexico was forced to release any claim to California to the United States. An unexpected discovery of gold at Sutter Mill in 1848 produced a spectacular gold rush in Northern California, attracting hundreds of thousands of ambitious young men from around the world. Only a few are rich, and many return home in disappointment. Most appreciate other economic opportunities in California, especially in agriculture, and bring their families to join them. California became the 31st US state in 1850 and played a minor role in the American Civil War. Chinese immigrants are increasingly being attacked from natives; they were forced out of industry and agriculture and into Chinatown in the big cities. As gold eased, California became a highly productive agricultural society. The arrival of the railroad in 1869 linked its rich economy to the rest of the country, and attracted a steady flow of migrants. At the end of the 19th century, Southern California, especially Los Angeles, began to grow rapidly.

Video History of California

Sejarah California hingga 1899

Periode pra-kontak

The different tribes of Native Americans live in the area now California for about 13,000 to 15,000 years. More than 100 tribes and bands inhabit the area. Numerous approximate Native American populations in California during the pre-European period ranged from 100,000 to 300,000. The California population accounts for about a third of Native Americans who are now United States.

The original horticulture practiced various forms of forest farming and fire-rods in forests, pastures, mixed forests, and wetlands, ensuring that the desired food and medicinal plants continued to be available. Indigenous peoples control fire on a regional scale to create a low intensity fire ecology that prevents larger and more violent fires and maintains low-density farming in loose rotation; sort of a "wild" permaculture.

European exploration

California is a name given to a mythical island populated only by beautiful Amazon warriors, as depicted in Greek mythology, using tools and golden weapons in the popular early sixteenth-century romance novel Las Sergas de EsplandiÃÆ' ¡N (Adventure EsplandiÃÆ'¡n) by Spanish writer Garci RodrÃÆ'guez de Montalvo. This popular Spanish fantasy is printed in several editions with the earliest surviving editions published around 1510. In exploring Baja California, the earliest explorers thought the Baja California peninsula was an island and used the name California . Mapmakers began using the name "California" to mark unexplored territory on the west coast of North America.

European explorers flying the Spanish and British flags roamed the Pacific Coast of California began in the mid-16th century. Francisco de Ulloa explored Mexico's west coast today including the Gulf of California, proving that Baja California is a peninsula, but regardless of his discoveries the myth survives among Europeans that California is an island.

Rumors about very rich cities lying somewhere along the California coast, as well as the possibility of a Northwest Passage that would provide a much shorter route to the Indies, provide an incentive to explore further.

First European contact (1542)

The first European to explore the coast of California was Juan RodrÃÆ'guez Cabrillo (Portuguese: JoÃÆ' Â £ o Rodrigues Cabrilho ), working for Spain. He died in southern California in 1543. Cabrillo and his men found that essentially nothing could be done by Spain to easily exploit it in California, and located at the extremes of exploration and trade from Spain it would have been left essentially unexplored and not resolved for the next 234 years.

The Cabrillo expedition describes the Indians living on a subsistence level, usually located in small rancherias of large family groups of 100 to 150 people. They do not have a clear farm as understood by Europeans, no pets except dogs, no pottery; Their tools are made of wood, leather, wicker baskets and nets, stones, and horns. Some shelters are made of twigs and mud; some dwellings are built by digging two to three feet of ground and then building a brush shelter above covered with animal skins, tules and/or mud. The Cabrillo expedition does not look far north of California, where on the beach and traditional architecture rather inland consists of redwood houses or semisubterranean rectangular cedar boards.

Traditional clothing is minimal in the summer, with dehide-skinned deerhide and animal skins and other animal fur and rough woven items from grass clothing used in winter. The feathers are sewn into pieces of prayer worn for the ceremony. Some tribes around Santa Barbara, California, and the Channel Islands (California) use large boats for fishing and trading, while tribes in the California delta and San Francisco Bay use tulle canoes and some tribes on the Northwest coast are carved redwood canoes.

The staple food that is then used by Indians, corn, and/or other potatoes, will not grow without irrigation in a rainy season that is usually short for three to five months and a nine to seven month drought in California (see Mediterranean climate). Nonetheless, California's natural abundance, and environmental management techniques developed by California tribes for thousands of years, allow for the highest population density in northern Mexico. Indians live with salmon and other fish, deer, Tule deer, acorns, pine nuts, small game, mollusks, grass seeds, berries, insects, edible plants, tubers and roots, making it possible to defend the hunter economy subsistence-free subsistence farmers known to Europeans, but with sophisticated landscape and vegetation management with regular, controlled low intensity burning. The landscape management tradition through this fire ecology retains acorn gardens and other food sources, along with knowledge of migrant flocks such as deer and salmon anadromas in rivers, supported villages, small tribes, and large family groups.

The staple food for most Indian tribes in the interior of California is the acorns, dried, peeled, ground into flour, soaked in water to release their tannins, and cooked. The milling holes that used to be big rocks for centuries of use are still visible in many rocks today. Ground and eggplant flour is usually cooked into a nutritious porridge, eaten daily with other traditional foods. Acorn preparation is a labor-intensive process that is almost always done by women. There is an estimate that some Indians may have eaten as much as a ton of seed in a year. The families maintain productive oak and tanoak for generations. Grains are collected in large quantities, and can be stored for reliable winter food sources.

Woven baskets are a high form of art and utility in California, such as canoeing and other carvings. Local trade between Indian tribes allows them to obtain spices such as salt, or foodstuffs and other items that may be rare in certain locale, such as flint or obsidian to make spears and arrows. Indigenous cultures in California are much different from other Indian cultures in North America, and some survive to this day.

The diversity of California's native languages ​​amounts to 80 to 90 languages ​​and dialects, some surviving to date despite being endangered. The tall, hilly Sierra Nevada mountains are located behind the Great Basin Desert of eastern California, vast forests and mountains to the north, the rough and violent Sonoran Desert and the Mojave Desert in the south and the Pacific Ocean to the west effectively isolating California from easy trade or tribal interactions with Indians across the continent, and delayed the tragedy and damage of colonial settlers to Spanish mission, Gold Rush, and European-American invasion of the native California.

Spanish Spanish trading routes (1565)

In 1565 Spain developed a trade route where they took gold and silver from America and traded it for goods and spices from China and other Asian regions. Spain established their main base in the Philippines. Trading with Mexico involves the use of Manila's Galleon annual section (s). The first Eastbound Galle went north to about 40 degrees latitude and then turned east they could use western trade winds and currents. These galleons, after crossing most of the Pacific Ocean, will arrive off the coast of California from 60 to over 120 days later somewhere near Cape Mendocino (about 300 miles (480 km) north of San Francisco) at about 40 degrees latitude L. They can then turn south under the coast of California utilizing available winds and southerly flows (about 1 mile/hour (1.6 km/h)) California Current. After sailing about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) south they eventually reached the port of their home in Mexico. San Francisco Bay escaped the invention for two centuries until it was finally discovered by terrestrial exploration in 1769. Claim Francis Drake (1579)

In 1602, sixty years after Cabrillo, SebastiÃÆ'¡n VizcaÃÆ'no Spain explored the California coastline of San Diego as far north of Monterey Bay. He was named San Diego Bay. He also landed in Monterey, California, and made glowing reports about the Monterey bay area as a berth for ships with land suitable for growing crops. He also provided a baseline map of coastal waters, which was used for nearly 200 years. Spanish colonial period (1769-1821) h3>

Spain divides California into two parts, Baja California and Alta California, as the province of New Spain (Mexico). Steel or lower California consists of the Baja Peninsula and ends roughly in San Diego, California where Alta California begins. The eastern and northern boundaries of Alta California are very unlimited, as Spain, despite the lack of physical presence and settlements, essentially claims everything in its present place in the western United States.

The first permanent mission in Baja California, Mission de Nuestra SeÃÆ' Â ± ora de Loreto ConchÃÆ'³, was founded on 15 October 1697, by Jesuit Friar Juan Maria Salvatierra (1648-1717) accompanied by a crew of small boats and six soldiers. After the establishment of Mission in Alta California after 1769, Spain treats Baja California and Alta California as a single administrative unit, part of Viceroyalty of New Spain, with Monterey, California, as its capital.

Almost all missions in Baja California were founded by members of the Jesuit order supported by some soldiers. After a power dispute between Charles III of Spain and the Jesuits, Jesuit colleges were closed and the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico and South America in 1767 and deported back to Spain. After the forced evictions of the Jesuits, most missions were taken over by the Franciscans and then the Dominicans. Both groups are under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. This reorganization left many missions abandoned in Sonora Mexico and Baja California.

After the end of the Seven Years' War between England and France and their allies (called the French and Indian Wars in the English colony on the East Coast) (1754-1763), the French were expelled from North America. Spain and England are the only remaining colonial forces. Britain, until now, has no Pacific colonies in North America. The Bourbon King Charles III of Spain established missions and other outposts in Alta California for fear that the territory would be claimed by Britain, which not only had 13 colonies on the East Coast but also some islands in the Caribbean, and recently took over Canada from France.

One of the Spanish advantages of the Seven Years' War was the French French Territory that was secretly given to Spain. Another potential colonial force already established in the Pacific is Russia, whose Maritime Fur trade mostly sea otters and seals pressed from Alaska to the lower Pacific Northwest. These feathers can be traded in China for huge profits.

The Spanish settlement of Alta California is the last colonization project to expand the vast Spanish empire in North America, and they are trying to do so with minimal cost and support. Approximately half of Alta California's settlement costs are covered by donations and half with funds from the Spanish crown. The massive Indian uprising in New Mexico Pueblo Revolt among Pueblo Indians in the valley of the Rio Grande in the 1680s and Pima Indian Revolt in 1751 and the ongoing Series conflict in Sonora Mexico gave Franciscan friars arguments to build missions with colonial settlers who less. In particular, sexual exploitation of Native American women by Spanish troops triggered violent retaliation from indigenous communities and the spread of venereal diseases.

The isolation and isolation of California, the lack of large organized tribes, the lack of agricultural traditions, the absence of larger pets from a dog, and the supply of mainly grain foods (unpleasant to most Europeans) meant the mission in California it will be very difficult to build and maintain and make the region unattractive to the most potential colonists. Several soldiers and monks financed by the Church and the State will form the backbone of the proposed settlement in California.

Expedition PortolÃÆ'¡ (1769-1770)

In 1769, the Visitor General of Spain, JosÃÆ'Â © de GÃÆ'¡lvez, planned a five-part expedition, consisting of three units by sea and two by land, to begin the setting of Alta California. Gaspar de PortolÃÆ' volunteered to lead the expedition. The Catholic Church was represented by the Franciscan friars JunÃÆ'pero Serra and his brothers. The five detachments of soldiers, siblings and would-be colonists will meet on the shores of San Diego Bay. The first ship, San Carlos , sailed from La Paz on January 10, 1769, and San Antonio sailed on February 15th. San Antonio > Arrive in San Diego Bay on April 11 and San Carlos on April 29th. The third ship, San JosÃÆ'Â © , left New Spain later that spring but lost in the sea without any survivors.

The first land party, led by Fernando Rivera y Moncada, departed from the Franciscan Mission San Fernando Velicata on 24 March 1769. With Rivera is Father Juan CrespÃÆ', the famous author of the entire expedition. The group arrived in San Diego on 4 May. The expedition was then led by PortolÃÆ', which included Father JunÃÆ'pero Serra, President of Mission, along with a combination of missionaries, settlers, and leather jacket soldiers including JosÃÆ'Â © Raimundo Carrillo, left Velicata on May 15, 1769 and arrived in San Diego on 29 June.

They brought about 46 donkeys, 200 cows and 140 horses - all of which could have been avoided by a bad Steel Mission. Fernando de Rivera is appointed to lead a party of leaders who will stalk a land route and burn a trail to San Diego. The food is short, and the Indians who accompany them are expected to find food for most of what they need. Many Indian neophytes died along the way; even more lonely. Two groups traveling from California Down on foot must traverse about 300 miles (480 km) from the very dry and steep Baja Peninsula.

Part of the expedition that takes place on land takes about 40-51 days to get to San Diego. The contingent that comes by sea meets with southern currents of California and strong headwinds, and still moves within three months after they sail. After their difficult journey, most of the men on board were sick, especially from scurvy, and many died. Of a total of about 219 men who have left Baja California, a little over 100 survived. The survivors founded Presidio San Diego on May 14, 1769. The Mission of San Diego de Alcala was founded on July 16, 1769. As the first of the Spanish presidents and mission in California, they provide an operating base for the Spanish colonization of Alta California (now California).

On July 14, 1769, an expedition was sent from San Diego to find the port of Monterey. Not recognizing Monterey Bay from the descriptions written by SebastiÃÆ'¡n VizcaÃÆ'no nearly 200 years earlier, the expedition drove into what is now San Francisco, California. The explorers, led by Don Gaspar de PortolÃÆ', arrived on 2 November 1769, in San Francisco Bay., One of the largest ports on the west coast of America was finally discovered by the mainland. The expedition returned to San Diego on January 24, 1770. The Presidio and Mission of San Carlos de Borromeo de Monterey was founded on June 3, 1770, by Portola, Serra, and Crespi.

Food shortage

Without crops or experience gathering, preparing and consuming grain seeds and grass seeds of Indians that survived for years, food shortages in San Diego became very important during the first few months of 1770. They lived by eating some of their livestock, swans wild, fish, and other foods were exchanged with Indians for clothing, but the damage from scurvy continues unabated because then there is no understanding of the cause or medication of scabies (vitamin C deficiency in fresh foods). The small amount of corn they plant grows well, only to be eaten by birds. PortolÃÆ'¡ sends Captain Rivera and a small detachment of about 40 people south to the Baja California mission in February to get more cattle and pack-carriage supplies.

Fewer mouths to feed temporarily reduce San Diego's supply shortage, but within weeks, acute hunger and increased disease (scabies) again threaten to force the San Diego "Mission" to leave. PortolÃÆ'¡ finally decided that if no aid boats arrived on 19 March 1770 they would go to return to the "New Spain" mission on the Baja Peninsula the next morning "because there was not enough stock to wait longer and the men did not come for perish by hunger. " At three o'clock on the afternoon of March 19, 1770, it was as if by a miracle, the sailing screens of San Antonio, loaded with relief supplies, can be seen on the horizon. The Spanish settlement in Alta California will continue.

Anza explorations (1774-1776)

Juan Bautista de Anza, led an exploration expedition on 8 January 1774, with 3 padres, 20 soldiers, 11 servants, 35 mules, 65 cows and 140 horses departing from Tubac in southern Tucson, Arizona today. They went across the Sonoran desert to California from Mexico by swinging south of the Gila River to avoid the Apache attacks until they hit the Colorado River at Yuma Crossing - about the only way across the Colorado River. The friendly Indian Quechan (Yuma) (2-3,000) he met there planted most of their food, using an irrigation system, and had imported pottery, horses, wheat and some other plants from New Mexico.

After crossing Colorado to avoid the inaccessible Algodones Dunes in western Yuma, Arizona, they follow a river about 50 miles (80 km) south (around the southwest corner of Arizona on the Colorado River) before turning northwest to around today Mexicali, Mexico and then turn north through the current Imperial Valley and then northwest again before reaching Mission San Gabriel ArcÃÆ'¡ngel near the future city of Los Angeles, California. It took about 74 days to make this initial reconnaissance trip to make a land route to California. On his way back, he went to the Gila River until it hit the Santa Cruz River (Arizona) and proceeded to Tubac. The journey back takes only 23 days, and he meets some peaceful and densely populated farming tribes with irrigation systems located along the Gila River.

In the second trip Anza (1775-1776) he returned to California with 240 brothers, soldiers and colonists with their families. They took 695 horses and mules, 385 Texas Longhorn bulls and cows with them. About 200 live cattle and unknown number of horses (many of each lost or eaten along the way) started the cattle and horse farm industry in California. In California, cattle and horses have several enemies and grasses abound at all but years of drought. They basically grow and multiply as wild animals, doubling every two years. The party started from Tubac, Arizona, on October 22, 1775 and arrived in San Francisco Bay on March 28, 1776. There they founded Presidio San Francisco, followed by Mission San Francisco de Asos (Mission Dolores) - the future city of San Francisco.

In 1780, Spain established two joint missions and pueblos at Yuma Crossing: San Pedro y San San Pablo de BicuÃÆ'Â ± er Mission and Puerto de PurÃÆ'sima ConcepciÃÆ'³n. Both these pueblos and missions are on the California side of the Colorado River but are managed by the Arizona authorities. On 17-18 July 1781 Yuma (Quechan) Indians, in dispute with Spain, destroyed missions and pueblo - killed 103 soldiers, colonists and monks and arrested about 80 prisoners, mostly women and children. In four well-supported punishment expeditions in 1782 and 1783 against the Quechan people, Spain managed to collect dead and redeem almost all the prisoners, but failed to reopen the Anza Strip. The Yuma Crossing is closed to Spanish traffic and will remain closed until about 1846. California is almost isolated again from road trips. The only road to California from Mexico now is a 40 to 60 day trip by sea. An average of 2.5 vessels per year from 1769 to 1824 means that the additional invaders coming to Alta California are few and far between.

Finally, 21 California Mission was established along the California coast from San Diego to San Francisco - about 500 miles (800 km) on the coast. The mission is almost all located within 30 miles (48 km) of the beach and almost no exploration or settlement is made in Central Valley (California) or Sierra Nevada (California). The only expedition anywhere close to Central Valley and Sierras was a rare attack by soldiers committed to recovering the escaped Indians who had fled the Mission. The "settled" area is about 15,000 square miles (40,000 km ² ) about 10% of California's territory at the end of 156,000 square miles (400,000 km ² ).

In 1786, Jean-FranÃÆ'§ois de Galaup, commune de La PÃÆ' Â © rouse led a group of scientists and artists who compiled a report on California's mission system, the land, and the people. Wholesalers, whalers, and scientific missions followed in the next few decades.

California Mission Network

The California mission, once they are all established, lies about a day of separate horse riding for easier communication and is linked by the El Camino Real trail. These missions are usually manned by two to three brothers and three to ten soldiers. Almost all physical work is done by indigenous people who are convinced or forced to join the mission. Padres gives instructions for making adobe bricks, building mission buildings, planting fields, digging irrigation ditches, growing new grains and vegetables, herding cattle and horses, singing, speaking Spanish, and understanding the Catholic faith - all that is deemed necessary to bring the Indians in order to support themselves and their new church.

The soldiers oversee the construction of the Presidios (fortress) and are responsible for maintaining order and preventing and/or catching the escaped Indians who are trying to leave the mission. Almost all Indians who coexist with the mission are induced to join various missions built in California. Once the Indians join the mission, if they try to leave, the soldiers are sent to pick it up. In the 1830s, Richard Henry Dana, Jr. observes that Indians are considered and treated as slaves by Spanish-speaking Californios.

The mission eventually claimed about 1/6 of the available land in California or about 1,000,000 acres (4,047Ã, km ² ) of land per mission. The rest of the land is considered to belong to the Spanish monarchy. To encourage territorial settlement, large land grants are granted to retired soldiers and colonists. Most grants are almost free and usually go to friends and relatives in the California government. Some foreign colonists are welcome if they accept Spanish citizenship and join the Catholic Faith. The Mexican Inquisition is still in full force and bans Protestants living in the Mexican-controlled territories. In the Spanish colonial period much of this grant was later converted into Ranchos.

Spain makes about 30 of this huge grant, almost all of a few leagues square (1 Spanish league = 2.6 miles (4.2 km)) each in size. The total land given to settlers in the Spanish colonial era was about 800,000 acres (3,237 km ² ) or about 35,000 acres (142Ã, km ² ) respectively. Some of the owners of this great ranchos have their own motifs after the nobles landed in Spain and devoted themselves to living in great style. The rest of their population is expected to support them. Most of those unpaid are almost all Indians or trained peonies who learn how to ride horses and grow crops. Most farm hands are paid with rooms and meals, rough clothes, rough housing, and no salary.

The main products of these ranchos are cows, horses and sheep, most of which live wildly. Livestock is mostly killed for fresh meat, as well as skins and fats (fats) that can be traded or sold for money or goods. As livestock rose, there came a time when almost everything that could be made of leather was - doors, window coverings, benches, chapters, leggings, lariats (riata) vans, saddles, boots, etc. Since there is no cooling then, often a cow is killed for fresh meat that day and the skin and fat sold for sale later. After picking up the cow leather and thicken the carcass they were left to rot or feed the grizzly California bear that roamed wild in California at that time, or feeding the dog packs that usually live in every rancho.

A series of four presidios, or "royal citadels", each manned by 10 to 100 people, was built by the Spanish in Alta California. The California installation was founded in 1769, in San Francisco (El Presidio Real de San Francisco) founded in 1776, and in Santa Barbara (El Presidio Real de Santa BÃÆ'¡rbara) was founded in 1782 After the Spanish colonial era, Presidio Sonoma in Sonoma, California was founded in 1834.)

To support presidios and missions, half a dozen cities (called pueblos) were founded in California. Pueblos Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, Villa de Branciforte (later abandoned then Santa Cruz, California) and the San Jose, California pueblo founded to support Mission and Presidios in California. It is the only city (pueblos) in California.

Mexico Period (1821 to 1846)

In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain. Alta California becomes a non-state territory. Territorial capital remains in Monterey, California, with a governor as an executive officer.

Mexico, after independence, was unstable with about 40 government changes, within 27 years before 1848 - the average government duration was 7.9 months. In Alta California, Mexico inherited a large, rare, poor, remote province and paid little or no net tax revenue to the Mexican state. In addition, Alta California has a mission system that is declining as the Mission Indian population of Alta California continues to decline rapidly.

The number of Alta California settlers, who are always a minority of the total population, gradually increased in large part due to more births than deaths in California's Californian population. After the closure of the Strip de Anza on the Colorado River in 1781, immigration from Mexico was almost done by ship. California continues to be a country that is sparsely populated and isolated.

Trade policy

Even before Mexico took control of Alta California, Spain's burdensome rules against trade with foreigners began to fail as the declining Spanish fleet could not enforce their no-trade policy. The settlers, and their descendants (known as Californios), are eager to trade for new commodities, finished goods, luxury goods, and other merchandise. The Mexican government abolished no trade with foreign ship policy and soon regular trading trips were made.

In addition, a number of Europeans and Americans became Mexican citizens who were naturalized and settled in early California. Some of them became rancheros and traders during the Mexican period, such as Abel Stearns.

Hidden cows and fats, along with sea mammal fur and other items, provide trade articles necessary for mutually beneficial trade. The first American, British and Russian ships first appeared in California several years before 1820. The classical book Two Days Before Pillar by Richard Henry Dana, Jr. give a good first hand report about this trade. From 1825 to 1848 the average number of ships traveling to California increased to about 25 ships per year - a large increase from an average of 2.5 vessels per year from 1769 to 1824.

The main port of entry for trading purposes is Monterey, where import duties of up to 100% (also called tariffs) are applied. These high duties incur a lot of bribery and smuggling, as avoidance of tariffs makes more money for boat owners and makes them cheaper for customers. Basically all of the California government fees (little what is there) are paid by this tariff. In this case they were like the United States in 1850, where about 89% of federal government revenue came from import tariffs, though at an average rate of about 20%.

Mexico and mission system

So many Indian missionaries die from exposure to harsh conditions and diseases such as measles, diphtheria, smallpox, syphilis, etc. Sometimes raids are carried out to new villages in the interior to complement the supply of Indian women. This increase in mortality is accompanied by a very low live birth rate amongst living Indians. As reported by Krell, as of December 31, 1832, the Franciscan mission of Padres has performed a combined total of 87,787 baptisms and 24,529 marriages, and recorded 63,789 deaths.

If the Krell numbers are to be believed (others have very different numbers), the Indian Mission population has declined from a peak of about 87,000 in about 1800 to about 14,000 in 1832 and continues to decline. The mission became increasingly tense because the number of Indians who changed drastically decreased and death exceeded birth. The ratio of Indian birth to death is believed to be less than 0.5 Indian births per death.

The mission, as originally envisaged, is only lasted about ten years before it was converted to a regular parish . When the mission of California was abolished in 1834 some missions have been around for more than 66 years but the Indian Mission is not yet independent, proficient in Spanish, or fully Catholic. Taking people from the existence of a hunter-gatherer type to an agriculture-based existence, educated is much harder than originally thought by missionaries. A persistent and persistent decline in the Indian Resident Mission exacerbates this problem. In 1834 Mexico, in response to demands that the Catholic Church give up many Mission properties, began the process of secularizing the mission undertaken by the Franciscans. The Mission of San Juan Capistrano was the first to feel the effect of this law the following year when, on August 9, 1834 Governor Figueroa issued his "Foreclosure Decision".

Nine other missions were quickly followed, with another six in 1835; San Buenaventura and San Francisco de AsÃÆ's include the latter succumbing, in June and December 1836, respectively. The Franciscans soon after that left most of the missions, carrying almost any value they could, after which locals usually looted the mission buildings for building materials, furniture, etc. Or mission buildings sold to serve other uses.

Despite these omissions, the Indian cities of San Juan Capistrano, San Dieguito and Las Flores continued for some time under the terms of the Echeandua Governor's Proclamation in 1826 allowing for the conversion of some missions to new pueblos > me. After the secularization of the Mission, many surviving Indian Missions shifted from unpaid workers to missions to unpaid workers and vaqueros (cowboys) from about 500 large ranchos owned by Californio.

Ground grant

Before Alta California became part of the Mexican state, about 30 Spanish land grants have been diverted across Alta California to several friends and family from Alta California Governors. The 1824 Mexican Colony Law stipulates the rules to petition for a land grant in California; and in 1828, the rules for establishing a land grant were codified in the Mexican Regonna (Regulation). The Acts of the Apostles attempted to break the monopoly of the Franciscan mission, while paving the way for additional settlers to California by making the land grant more accessible.

When the mission is secularized, mission and cattle properties should be largely allocated to Indian missions. In practice, almost all mission and cattle properties are taken over by some 455 large ranchos given by the governor - mostly to friends and families at low cost or no cost. The rancho owners claimed about 8,600,000 hectares (35,000 km ² ) averaging about 18,900 hectares (76 km ² ) respectively. This land is almost all scattered on a former mission field within a 30 mile (48 km) radius of the coast.

Mexican land grants are temporary until they are completed and worked on for five years, and often have very unlimited limits and sometimes conflicting ownership claims. The boundaries of each rancho are almost never surveyed, and are characterized, and often depend on local landmarks that change frequently over time. Because the government depends on import tariffs for its revenues, there is almost no property tax - property taxes when introduced to US statehood are a big surprise. Grant recipients can not share, or rent, land without consent.

The rancho owners try to live in a magnificent way, and the results are similar to barons. For some rancho owners and families, this is the Golden Age of California; for the most part it is not gold. Many of the farms, vineyards, and orchards established by the Mission were left to deteriorate as the rapidly declining Indian population required less food, and Missionaries and soldiers supporting the Mission disappeared. The new Ranchos and slowly increase the Pueblos mostly just grow enough food to eat and trade with occasional trade boats or whalers that are fed into the port of California to trade, get fresh water, fill their firewood and get fresh vegetables.

The main products of ranchos are cowhide (called California greenbacks) and fats (given fat for making candles and soaps) are traded for finished goods and other merchandise. This hide-and-tallow trade is mainly done by ships based in Boston that travel 14,000 miles (23,000 km) to 18,000 miles (29,000 km) around Cape Horn to carry finished goods and merchandise to trade with Californio Ranchos because they are hiding and fat. Cattle and horses that provide skin and fat basically grow wild.

In 1845, the province of Alta California had a non-native population of about 1,500 Spanish and Latin American adults who were born together with about 6,500 women and their native children (who became Californios). These Spanish speakers mostly live in the southern part of the state from northern San Diego to Santa Barbara. There are also about 1,300 American immigrants and 500 European immigrants from various backgrounds. Almost all of them are adult males and the majority live in central and northern California from northern Monterey to Sonoma and east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.

The non-coastal land grant was awarded to John Sutter who, in 1839, completed a large land grant close to the future city of Sacramento, California, which he called "New Helvetia" ( New Switzerland ). There, he built a vast fortress equipped with a lot of armaments from Fort Ross - bought from Russia on credit when they left the fortress. Sutter's Fort is the first non-Native American community in California Central Valley. Sutter's Fort, from 1839 to about 1848, is a major agricultural and trading colony in California, often welcoming and helping California Trail travelers to California. Most settlers in or near, Sutter's Fort is a new immigrant from the United States.

American Period

The California Annexation (1846-1847)

Hostilities between the US and Mexico were partly fueled by territorial disputes between Mexico and the Republic of Texas, and then by the annexation of the United States in Texas in 1846. Several battles between US and Mexican forces led the US Congress to issue a declaration of war against Mexico on May 13, 1846; The Mexican-American war has begun. News of the conflict reached Alta California about a month later.

The main forces available to the United States in California are bluejacket and US Marines sailors aboard Pacific Squadron ships. Speculating that a war with Mexico over Texas and other countries is very likely, the US Navy has sent several additional naval ships to the Pacific in 1845 to protect US interests there. It takes about 200 days, on average, for ships to travel over 17,000 miles (27,000 km) from the East coast around Cape Horn of South America to California.

Initially when the war with Mexico began, there were five ships in the US Pacific Pacific Force near California. In 1846 and 1847, it was upgraded to 13 Navy ships - more than half of the US Navy's available ships. The only other US military force in California is about 30 military topographers, etc. And 30 mountain men, guides, hunters, etc. In Captain John C. Frà © Å © mont United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers explorative forces. They got out of California on their way to what is now Oregon when they got word in early June 1846 that the war was imminent and the uprising had begun in Sonoma, California. Hearing rumors of a possible Californio military action against new arrivals in California (this already happened in 1840), some settlers decided to neutralize a small Californio garrison in Sonoma, California. On June 15, 1846, about thirty settlers, mostly Americans, staged an uprising and seized a small Californio garrison, in Sonoma, without firing a shot and declaring the new California Republican government. Hearing this revolt, Fremont and his exploratory troops returned to California. The "Republic" never exercises real authority and lasts only 26 days before receiving control of the US government.

Former fleet surgeon William M. Wood and John Parrot, the American Consul of MazatlÃÆ'¡n, arrived in Guadalajara, Mexico on May 10, 1846. There they heard news of ongoing hostility between US and Mexican troops and sent a message by a special courier back to Commodore (Rear Admiral) John D. Sloat, commander of the Pacific Squadron then visited MazatlÃÆ'¡n Mexico. On May 17, 1846, the messenger message informed Commodore Sloat that hostilities between the US and Mexico had begun.

Commodore (Rear Admiral) John D. Sloat and four of his ships then docked in the port of MazatlÃÆ'¡n, Mexico. Hearing the news, Commodore Sloat dispatched his warship, Frigate Savannah and the Levant Fleet (1837) to the port of Monterey, where they arrived on July 2, 1846. They joined with the lifeboat of Cyane already there. There are US concerns that the UK may try to annex California to satisfy British creditors. Squadron British Pacific Station from a ship in California is stronger on ships, weapons, and humans than any American ship. Apparently Britain has never ordered whether it would be disruptive or not if hostilities broke out between the Californios and the United States and requested new orders would be taken from a year and a half and two years to get the message back to England and back.

Initially there was little resistance from anyone in California because they replaced the malfunctioning and ineffective Mexican government that had been replaced by Californios. The Mexican government in 1846 had 40 presidents in its first 24 years of existence. Most of the new settlers and Californios are neutral or actively supportive of the insurgency. A group of independent men called "Los Osos" lifted the "Bear Flag" from the Republic of California over Sonoma. The republic was there almost more than 25 days before FrÃÆ' Â © mont returned and took over on June 23 from William B. The idea of ​​Leaders Rebellion Bear Flag. The state flag of California today is based on this original Bear Flag and still contains the words "The Republic of California." John A. Sutter and his men and supplies at Sutter's Fort joined the rebellion.

Intake of coastal ports and cities in the US

In 1846, the US Navy was under orders to take over all the ports of California in case of war. There are about 400-500 US Marines and US Navy Bluejacket sailors available for possible ground action on the ships of the Pacific Squadron. Hearing the words of the Bear Flag Rebellion in Sonoma, California, and the arrival of the HMSÃ ©, Collingwood <600> large English man-made ship, 2,600 tons, under Sir George S. Seymour, outside of Monterey Harbor, the Commodore Sloat finally moved to action. On July 7, 1846, seven weeks after the war was announced, Sloat instructed the captain of the USS Savannah and Cyane and small Levy ships of the Pacific Squadron at Monterey Bay to occupy Monterey, California - the capital of Alta California. Fifty American marines and about 100 bluejacket sailors landed and arrested the city without incident - some Californio troops previously there had evacuated the city. They lifted the flag of the United States without firing a shot. The only shot fired was a 21-gun salute to a new US flag fired by each US Navy ship at the port. The British ships observed but took no action.

The abandoned presidio and Mission San Francisco de Asos (Mission Dolores) in San Francisco, later called Yerba Buena, were occupied without shooting on July 9, 1846 by US Marines and US Navy sailors of the USSÃ, Portsmouth lifeboat. Militia Captain Thomas Fallon led a small force of about 22 people from Santa Cruz, California and captured the small town of Pueblo de San Jose without bloodshed on July 11, 1846. Fallon received an American flag from Commodore John D. Sloat, and picked it up on a pueblo on July 14. On July 15, 1846, Commodore (Rear Admiral) Sloat transferred his command to the Pacific Squadron to Commodore Robert F. Stockton when the Stockton vessel, US Congress frigate arrived from the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii).

Stockton, a much more aggressive leader, asked Fremont to form a combined army of Fremont soldiers, scouts, guides, etc. And a volunteer militia - many of whom are former Bear Flag Revolters. This unit, called the California Battalion, is deployed into the US service and paid for by ordinary soldiers. On July 19, the newly formed California Battalion, swelled to about 160 people. These men included 30 Fremont topographic men and their 30 scouts and hunters, US Marine Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie, a US Navy officer to deal with two of their cannons, an Indian company trained by Sutter and many others permanently California settlers from several different countries as well as American settlers. The members of the California Battalion were used primarily for garrisons and maintaining order in California towns who surrendered quickly.

The Navy took to the shore from San Francisco, occupying the harbor with no resistance as they went. Small Pueblo (city) San Diego surrendered July 29, 1846 without a fired shot. Small Pueblo (city) Santa Barbara surrendered without firing fired in August 1846.

Los Angeles Pickup

On August 13, 1846, a joint US Marines force, bluejacket sailor, and part of the California Battalion FrÃÆ'Â © mont brought by USS Cyane entered Pueblo de Los Angeles, California with flying flags and band plays. USMC Captain Archibald H. Gillespie, (second commander of the California Battalion), with a force of less than 40 to 50 people, is left to occupy and maintain order in the largest city (about 3,500) in Alta California - Los Angeles. California government officials have fled to Alta California.

In September 1846, Californios JosÃÆ'Â © MarÃÆ'a Flores, JosÃÆ'Â © Antonio Carrillo and AndrÃÆ' Â © s Pico, organized and led a campaign of resistance against the American attack to Los Angeles in the previous month. As a result, the defeated US troops evacuated the city over the next few months. Over the next four months, US forces fought a small battle with Californio Lancers in the Battle of San Pasqual (in San Diego, California), Dominguez Rancho Battle (near Los Angeles), and the Battle of Rio San Gabriel (near Los Angeles). After the Los Angeles resistance began, the California American Battalion expanded to a force of about 400 people.

In early January 1847, a 600-man joint force of US Marines, US Navy bluejacket sailor, General Stephen W. Kearny, 80 US Army troops (cavalry), who arrived on the Gila river in December 1846, and about two the company of Fremont's California Battalion re-occupied Los Angeles after several minor battles (mostly postures) - four months after the initial American retreat, the same US flag flew over Los Angeles. The small armed resistance in California ceased when Californios signed the Cahuenga Treaty on January 13, 1847. About 150 Californios who worried about the possible punishment of Americans for not fulfilling their non-aggression promises gathered about 300 horses and retreated to Sonora. , Mexico through the trail of Yuma Crossing Gila River. Californios, who seized control of California from Mexico in 1845, now has a new, much more stable government.

After the Cahuenga Treaty was signed in early 1847, the Pacific Squadron then proceeded to capture all Baja California and port cities and to drown or capture all the Pacific Pacific Mexicans they can find. Baja California is returned to Mexico in negotiations on the next Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Agreement. California was under US control in January 1847 and was officially annexed and paid by the US in the Guadalupe Hidalgo Agreement signed in 1848.

Appeal arrives

After the hostilities had ended with the signing of the Cahuenga Agreement on January 13, 1847, on January 22, 1847 the replacement of Commodore Stockton, Commodore William B. Shubrick, appeared in Monterey on USSÃ rival, Independence with 54 weapons and about 500 crew members. On January 27, 1847, Lexington transport appeared in Monterey, California with a regular US Army artillery company of 113 people under Captain Christopher Tompkins.

Reinforcements of more than about 320 soldiers (and some women) from the Mormon Battalion arrived in San Diego on January 28, 1847 - after the hostilities had ceased. They have been recruited from Mormon camps on the Missouri River - about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) away. These troops are recruited with the understanding that they will be disposed of in California with their weapons. Most of it runs out before July 1847. Another reinforcement aid in the form of First Regiment Colonel Jonathan D. Stevenson in New York around 648 people appeared in March-April 1847 - again after hostilities have ceased. After desertion and death on the way, four ships carrying Stevenson 648 people to California. Initially they took over all military and garrison duties in Pacific Pacific Squadron and Mormon Battalion and California Battalion garrison troops.

The New York Volunteer Company is deployed from San Francisco in Alta California to La Paz, Mexico in Baja California. The Isabella Ship sailed from Philadelphia on August 16, 1847, with a detachment of a hundred soldiers, and arrived in California on 18 February 1848, the following year, around the same time as the Swedish ship arrived with another army detachment. These soldiers were added to the companies in the New York Stevenson Volunteer First Regiment. Stevenson's troops were recruited with the understanding that they would be repatriated in California. When gold was discovered in late January 1848, many of Stevenson's troops were abandoned.

The US Census of 1850 census questioned the birth state of all residents and found about 7,300 residents born in California. The San Francisco area, the Contra Costa and the Santa Clara US census disappeared or burned down in one of the many fires in San Francisco. Adding an approximate 200 Hispanics in San Francisco (1846 directories) and unknown (but small as indicated in 1852 CA Census recount) Hispanic numbers in Contra Costa and Santa Clara county in 1846 provided less than 8,000 Hispanics throughout the state in 1846 before enmity begins. The number of California Indians is unknown because they are not included in the 1850 census but are thought to be roughly between 50,000 and 150,000.

Military governor

After 1847, California was controlled (with many difficulties due to desertion) by a military governor appointed by the US Army and inadequate strength of slightly more than 600 troops. By 1850, California had grown to have a non-India and non-Californio population of over 100,000 due to the California Gold Rush. Despite major conflicts in the US Congress over the number of slaves versus non-slave states, California's large, fast and sustainable population, and large quantities of gold exported to the east give California sufficient influence to select its own borders, select a representative, write Its constitution, and accepted in the Union as a free state in 1850 without going through territorial status as required for most other countries.

The Guadalupe Hidalgo Agreement formally ended the Mexican-American War in February 1848. For $ 15,000,000, and assuming US debt claims against Mexico, new states of Texas border claims were resolved, and New Mexico, California, and unfinished territories. some future states of the American Southwest are added to US control.

From 1847 to 1850, California had a military governor appointed by a senior military commander in California. This arrangement clearly disrupts military calm, because they have no inclination, precedent, or training to establish and run the government. President James K. Polk came to power from March 4, 1845 - March 4, 1849, seeking the 1848 Congress to make California a territory with the territorial government and again in 1849 but unsuccessful in requesting Congress to agree specifically on how this should be done - is the number of free countries vs. slave states.

General Bennett C. Riley who had fought in the Siege of Veracruz and Chapultepec during the Mexican-American War and was regarded as a capable military commander, was California's last military governor in 1849-1850. Responding to popular demand for a more representative government, General Riley issued an official proclamation dated June 3, 1849, calling for the Constitutional Convention and the election of representatives on 1 August 1849.

California California Constitutional Convention (1850)

The convention delegates were elected by secret ballot but did not have any census data about the population of California and where they lived, its representatives only roughly estimate the rapidly changing population population as shown in the 1850 California Census conducted a year later. Delegates 48 were selected mostly pre-1846 American settlers; eight native Californios births who had to use translators. The new miners in El Dorado County are poorly represented because they have no representation at the convention although it later became the densest district in California. After the election, the California Constitutional Convention met in the small town and former Californio capital of Monterey, California, in September 1849 to write the state constitution.

Like all US state constitutions, the California Constitution is closely linked to the format and role of the government set out in the US Constitution of 1789 - differing in detail. The Constitutional Convention met for 43 days of debate and wrote the first California Constitution. The 1849 Constitution was copied (with revisions) much of the Ohio and New York Constitutions but has parts that were originally several different country constitutions as well as original materials.

The 21-article Declaration of Rights in the California Constitution (Article I: Sec.1 to Sec.-21) is broader than the 10-article US Constitution Bill of Rights . There are four other significant differences from the US Constitution. The Convention selects state boundaries - unlike most other areas, whose boundaries are established by Congress (Article XII). Article IX encourages state-wide education and provides a public school system funded in part by the state and provided for University establishment (University of California). The California version prohibits slavery, except as a punishment (Article I Sec. 18) and duel (Article XI Sec.2) and gives women and wives the right to own and control their own property (Article XI Part 14).

The debt limit for the state is set at $ 300,000 (Article VIII). Like all other countries, they guarantee the right of citizens to prosecute in the Civil Court to enforce contractual and property rights (Article I Det 16). They created a court system with a supreme court with a judge to be confirmed every 12 years. (Article VI) They established the original state 29 districts (Article I Sec. 4), made the legislative two houses, arranged voting places to vote, arranged uniform taxation rules. The Constitution of 1849 guarantees the right to vote "Every Californian citizen, declares the legal constituency by this Constitution, and every citizen of the United States, resident of this State on election day, is entitled to vote on the first election under this Constitution, and on the matter its application (Article XII Chapter 5) ".

The California Constitution was ratified by popular vote in elections held on 13 November 1849 (as defined in Article XII Chapter 8). Pueblo de San Jose was chosen as the first state capital (Article XI Part 1). Immediately after the election, they formed a temporary state government that established the district, elected a governor, senator, and representative, and operated for ten months establishing a state government before California was granted official state status by Congress on 9 September 1850, as part of a Compromise 1850.

Thirty-eight days later the Pacific Mail vessel SS Oregon carried news to San Francisco on October 18, 1850, that California is now the 31st state. There are celebrations that last for weeks. The state capital was diverse in San Jose (1850-1851), Vallejo (1852-1853), and Benicia (1853-1854) until Sacramento was finally elected in 1854. The constitution of 1849 was only partially judged as a document of incorporation and replaced by the current constitution, which was first ratified on 7 May 1879.

California California Gold Rush (1848-1855)

The first person to hear confirmed information about Gold Rush California is the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), Mexico, Peru, and Chile. They were the first to begin flocking to the country in late 1848. At the end of 1848, sekit

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