The International Business Machine Company ( IBM ) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA, with operations in more than 170 countries. The company started in 1911 as a Computing-Tabulation-Recording Company (CTR) and renamed "International Business Machine" in 1924.
IBM manufactures and markets computer hardware, middleware and software, and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM is also a major research organization, holding the record for most US patents generated by businesses (in 2018) for 25 consecutive years. IBM's invention includes automated teller machines (ATMs), PCs, floppy disks, hard disk drives, magnetic strip cards, relational databases, SQL programming languages, UPC barcodes, and dynamic random access memory (DRAM). ). The IBM mainframe, exemplified by System/360, was the dominant computing platform during the 1960s and 1970s.
IBM continues to shift its business mix by commoditizing markets that focus on higher-value and more profitable markets. This included spinning the Lexmark printer manufacturer in 1991 and selling personal computers (ThinkPad/ThinkCentre) and x86-based server business to Lenovo (2005 and 2014, respectively), and acquired companies such as PwC Consulting (2002), SPSS (2009). ), and The Weather Company (2016). Also in 2014, IBM announced that it would go "fabless", continue to design semiconductors, but dismantle production into GlobalFoundries.
Nickeled Big Blue , IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the largest companies in the world, with (by 2016) nearly 380,000 employees. Known as "IBMers", IBM employees have been awarded five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Technology Medals, and five National Science Medals.
Video IBM
Histori
In the 1880s, emerging technologies would eventually form the core of International Business Machines (IBM). Julius E. Pitrap patented the computing scale in 1885; Alexander Dey invented the connecting recorder (1888); Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) patented the Electrical Tabling Machine; and Willard Bundy created a time clock to record the arrival of workers and departure time on paper tape in 1889. On June 16, 1911, their four companies merged in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint formed the fifth company, Computing-Tabulation-Account Company (CTR) based in Endicott, New York. The five companies have 1,300 employees and offices and factories in Endicott and Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington DC.; and Toronto. They produce machines for sale and rent, ranging from commercial scale and industrial timepiece, meat and cheese cutter, to tabulators and hollow cards. Thomas J. Watson, Sr., was fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, asked for Flint and, in 1914, was offered the CTR. Watson joined CTR as General Manager then, 11 months later, made the President when the NCR-related court cases were resolved. After studying Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson went on to include the NCR stamp to the CTR company. He implements sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, customer service focus, insistence on neat and dark-looking salespeople and an evangelical passion to instill corporate pride and loyalty in every worker." His favorite slogan, "THINK", became a mantra for every company employee. For the first four years of Watson, revenues reached $ 9 million and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia. Watson never liked the awkwardly written CTR title and on February 14, 1924 chose to replace it with a broader title, "International Business Machines." By 1933, most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, IBM.
In 1937, IBM's tabulation equipment enabled the organization to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients included the US Government, during its first attempt to maintain employment records for 26 million people under the Social Security Act, and the tracking of groups persecuted by Hitler Third Reich, mostly through the German subsidiary Dehomag.
In 1949, Thomas Watson, Sr., created IBM World Trade Corporation, a subsidiary of IBM focusing on overseas operations. In 1952, he resigned after nearly 40 years as a corporate leader, and his son Thomas Watson, Jr. appointed president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed the IBM 704 not only to play chess but "learn" from his own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed a SABER reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter. In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA trace the orbital flight of Mercury astronauts. A year later, his headquarters moved from New York City to Armonk, New York. The second half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flight, the 1966 Saturn flight, and the 1969 lunar mission.
On April 7, 1964, IBM announced the first family computer system, the IBM/360 System. It spanned a wide range of commercial and scientific applications from large to small, enabling companies for the first time to upgrade to models with greater computing capabilities without having to write their apps. This was followed by IBM System/370 in 1970. Together with 360 and 370 made IBM mainframe as the dominant mainframe computer and dominant computing platform in the industry during this period and into the early 1980s. Those, and operating systems that run on them like OS/VS1 and MVS, and middleware built on them like CICS transaction processing monitors, have a near-monopoly level in the computer industry and become almost identical to IBM products because of their market share.
In 1974, IBM engineer George J. Laurer developed the Universal Product Code. IBM and the World Bank first introduced the financial swap to the public in 1981 when they signed the swap agreement. The IBM PC, originally set by IBM 5150, was introduced in 1981, and soon became the industry standard. In 1991, IBM sold its Lexmark printer manufacturer.
In 1993, IBM posted a loss of US $ 8 billion - at the greatest moment in the history of American companies. Lou Gerstner was hired as CEO of RJR Nabisco to change the company. In 2002, IBM acquired PwC consultants, and in 2003, they embarked on a project to redefine corporate values, held a three-day online discussion on key business issues with 50,000 employees. The result is three values: "Dedication to every client's success", "Essential innovations - for our company and for the world", and "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships".
In 2005, the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo and, in 2009, the company acquired the software company SPSS Inc. Then in 2009, IBM's Blue Gene supercomputing program was awarded the US National Medal of Technology and Innovation by US President Barack Obama. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its artificial intelligence program, Watson, on display at Jeopardy! where he won against champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. The company also celebrated its 100th anniversary in the same year on June 16th. In 2012, IBM announced it had agreed to buy Kenexa, and a year later also acquired SoftLayer Technologies, a web hosting service, in a deal worth about $ 2 billion.
In 2014, IBM announced it would sell its x86 server division to Lenovo for $ 2.1 billion. Also that year, IBM began announcing some major partnerships with other companies, including Apple Inc., Twitter, Facebook, Tencent, Cisco, UnderArmour, Box, Microsoft, VMware, CSC, Macy's, Sesame Workshop, parent company of Sesame Street, and Salesforce.com.
In 2015, IBM announced two major acquisitions: Combining a $ 1 billion Health Care and all digital assets from The Weather Company, including Weather.com and the Weather Channel mobile app. Also in that year, the IBMer created the film A Boy and His Atom , which was the first molecular film to tell a story. In 2016, IBM acquired Ustream video conferencing services and formed a new cloud video unit. In April 2016, he posted a 14-year low on quarterly sales. The following month, Groupon sued IBM for alleging patent infringement two months after IBM accused Groupon of patent infringement in a separate lawsuit.
Maps IBM
Headquarters and offices
IBM is headquartered in Armonk, New York, a community of 37 miles (60 km) north of Midtown Manhattan. Its main building, referred to as CHQ, is glass and 283,000 square feet (26,300 m 2 ) in a 25-acre (10 ha) moat in the middle of a 432-acre apple. purchased the company in the mid-1950s. There are two other IBM buildings within walking distance of CHQ: the North Castle office, which previously served as the IBM headquarters; and the IBM Learning Center (ILC), a resort hotel and training center, with 182 guest rooms, 31 meeting rooms and various facilities.
IBM operates in 174 countries by 2016, with mobility centers in smaller market areas and larger campuses on larger campuses. In New York City, IBM has several offices other than CHQ, including IBM Watson's headquarters at Astor Place in Manhattan. Outside New York, major campuses in the United States include Austin, Texas; Research Triangle Park (Raleigh-Durham), North Carolina; Rochester, Minnesota; and Silicon Valley, California.
IBM's real estate ownership is diverse and globally diverse. The towers occupied by IBM include 1250 Renà © à © -Là ©  © vesque (Montreal, Canada), Tour Descartes (Paris, France), and One Atlantic Center (Atlanta, Georgia, USA). In Beijing, China, IBM occupies Pangu Plaza, which is the seventh-tallest building in the city and faces the Beijing National Stadium, which hosts the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Other notable buildings include IBM Rome Software Lab (Rome, Italy), Hursley House (Winchester, UK), 330 North Wabash (Chicago, Illinois, United States), Cambridge Scientific Center (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), IBM Toronto Software Lab (Toronto, Washington, United States), Hakozaki IBM Facilities (Tokyo, Japan), IBM Yamato Facilities (Yamato, Japan), and IBM Canada Head Office Building (Ontario, Canada). The unused campus of IBM includes the IBM Somers Office Complex (Somers, New York). The company's contribution to architecture and industrial design includes works by Eero Saarinen, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and I.M. Pei. The Van der Rohe Building in Chicago, the original center of the research division of post-World War II companies, was recognized with the Honoris Award 1990 of the National Building Museum. IBM was recognized as one of the 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2005, which recognizes Fortune 500 companies that provide employees with excellent commuting benefits to help reduce traffic and air pollution. In 2004, concerns were raised related to IBM's contribution in the early days of pollution in its original location in Endicott, New York.
Products and services
IBM has a large and diverse portfolio of products and services. By 2016, this offer falls into the category of cloud computing, cognitive computing, commerce, data and analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), IT infrastructure, mobile, and security.
The IBM Cloud includes infrastructure as a service (IaaS), software as a service (SaaS), and platform as a service (PaaS) offered through public, private, and hybrid cloud delivery models. For example, IBM Bluemix PaaS allows developers to create complicated websites quickly using the pay-as-you-go model. IBM SoftLayer is a dedicated server, managed hosting and cloud computing provider, which in 2011 reported hosting more than 81,000 servers for over 26,000 subscribers. IBM also provides Data Cloud Encryption Services (ICDES), using cryptographic separation to secure customer data.
IBM also hosts the cloud computing industry and the entire cellular technology conference of InterConnect every year.
IBM-designed hardware for this category includes IBM POWER microprocessors, which are used in many game console systems, including Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Nintendo Wii U. IBM Secure Blue is an encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors, and in 2014, the company revealed it invested $ 3 billion over the next five years to design a neural chip that mimics the human brain, with 10 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, but which uses only 1 kilowatt of power. In 2016, the company launched an all-flash array designed for small and medium enterprises, which includes software for data compression, provisioning, and snapshots across various systems.
IT outsourcing is also a major service provided by IBM, with more than 40 data centers around the world. alphaWorks is an IBM source for emerging software technologies, and SPSS is a software package used for statistical analysis. The IBM Kenexa suite provides employment and retention solutions, and includes BrassRing, the applicant tracking system used by thousands of companies for hiring. IBM also has The Weather Company, which provides weather forecasts and includes weather.com and the Weather Underground.
Smarter Planet is an initiative that aims to achieve economic growth, short-term efficiency, sustainable development, and social progress, targeting opportunities such as smart networks, water management systems, traffic congestion solutions, and greener buildings.
Terms of service include Redbooks, which is a publicly available online book on best practices with IBM products, and developerWorks, a website for software developers and IT professionals with work articles and tutorials, and software downloads, code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals.
IBM Watson is a technology platform that uses natural language processing and machine learning to reveal insights from large amounts of unstructured data. Watson debuted in 2011 at the American-show-game Jeopardy! , where he competed against champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in a three-match tournament and won. Since then Watson has been applied to businesses, healthcare, developers, and universities. For example, IBM has partnered with the Sloan Kettering Memorial Cancer Center to help consider treatment options for oncology patients and to perform melanoma examinations. Also, some companies have begun using Watson for call centers, either replacing or assisting customer service agents.
A rock-sized computer is not only the smallest computer in the world, claims IBM, but it can be cheap enough to spread AI and blockchain intelligence everywhere. Shown for the first time at IBM Think 2018, the company's annual research event, tiny computers could have major implications for ensuring everything from drugs to luxury goods is genuine rather than a clone.
Research
Research has been part of IBM since it was founded, and its organized effort traces its roots back to 1945, when the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory was set up at Columbia University in New York City, transforming a renovated fraternity house on Manhattan's West Side into IBM's first laboratory. Now, IBM Research is the world's largest industrial research organization, with 12 labs on 6 continents. IBM Research is headquartered at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in New York, and facilities include Almaden laboratories in California, Austin labs in Texas, Australian laboratories in Melbourne, Brazilian laboratories in SÃÆ' Â £ o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Chinese laboratories in Beijing and Shanghai, Irish laboratories in Dublin, Haifa laboratory in Israel, Indian labs in Delhi and Bangalore, Tokyo laboratories, Zurich laboratories and African laboratories in Nairobi.
In terms of investment, IBM R & amp; D spend a few billion dollars every year. In 2012, the expenditure was about $ 6.9 billion USD. The latest allocation has included $ 1 billion to create business units for Watson in 2014, and $ 3 billion to create next-generation semiconductors along with $ 4 billion to develop a company's "strategic, strategic, social, security" 2015.
IBM has been a leading supporter of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998. The company invested billions of dollars in Linux-based services and software through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes more than 300 Linux kernel developers. IBM has also released code under different open source licenses, such as the Eclipse platform-independent software framework (worth approximately US $ 40 million at the time of donation), the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java database management system relational-based (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement is not trouble-free, but (see SCO v. IBM ).
Famous inventions and developments by IBM include: automatic cash register (ATM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), electronic keys, financial exchange, floppy disk, hard disk drive, magnetic stripe card, relational database, RISC, SABER airline reservation system, SQL, Universal Product Code (UPC) code, and virtual machines. Additionally, in 1990, company scientists used a scanning tunneling microscope to regulate individual individual xenon atoms to decipher the company's acronym, marking the first structure that composes one atom at a time. The main part of IBM's research is the generation of patents. Since its first patent for traffic signaling devices, IBM has become one of the most productive sources of patents in the world. By 2018, the company holds the record for most of the business-generated patents, marking 25 consecutive years for that achievement.
Five IBM people have received the Nobel Prize: Leo Esaki, from Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., in 1973, to work in semiconductors; Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, from the Zurich Research Center, in 1986, for scanning tunneling microscopes; and Georg Bednorz and Alex MÃÆ'¼ller, also from Zurich, in 1987, for research into superconductivity. Some IBMer also won the Turing Award, including first female recipient Frances E. Allen.
Current research includes collaborations with the University of Michigan to view computers acting as academic advisors for computer science and engineering students at universities, and partnerships with AT & amp; T, combine their cloud platform and Internet of Things (IoT) to make them interoperable and provide developers with easier tools.
Brands and reputation
IBM was nicknamed Big Blue partly because of the logo and blue scheme, and also partly because IBM once had a de facto dress code from a white shirt with a blue suit. The company logo has undergone several changes over the years, with the current "8-bar" logo designed in 1972 by graphic designer Paul Rand. It is a common replacement for the 13-bar logo, because period photocopiers do not make large areas well. In addition to the logo, IBM uses Helvetica as a corporate font for 50 years, until it was replaced in 2017 by specially designed IBM Plex.
IBM has a valuable brand as a result of more than 100 years of operations and marketing campaigns. Since 1996, IBM has become an exclusive technology partner for the Master Tournament, one of four major championships in professional golf, with IBM creating the first Masters.org (1996), first course cam (1998), the first iPhone application with live streaming (2009 ), and the first 4K Ultra High Definition live feed ever in the United States for major sporting events (2016). As a result, IBM CEO Ginni Rometty became the third female member of Master's board, the Augusta National Golf Club. IBM is also a major sponsor in professional tennis, with engagements at the US Open, Wimbledon, Australian Open and French Open. The company also sponsored the Olympics from 1960-2000, and the National Football League from 2003-2012.
In 2012, the IBM brand is priced at $ 75.5 billion and ranked by Interbrand as No2's best brand worldwide. In the same year, it also ranked No1 companies for Fortune leaders, the No.22 green company in the US ( Newsweek ), the No.2 respected company ( Barron's ), the most admired No5 ( Fortune ), the most innovative no18 company ( Fast Company ), and No1 in technology consultancy and No2 at outsourcing (Vault). In 2015, Forbes put IBM as the most valuable No5 brand.
People and culture
Employee
IBM has one of the world's largest workforce, and employees at Big Blue are referred to as "IBMers". The company was among the first companies to provide group life insurance (1934), survival benefits (1935), training for women (1935), paid holidays (1937), and training for disabled people (1942). IBM hired the first black seller in 1946, and in 1952, CEO Thomas J. Watson, Jr. issued the company's first written letter of opportunity equity policy, one year before the US Supreme Court ruling on Brown vs. Education Council and 11 years earlier the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Human Rights Campaign has rated IBM 100% on the gay-friendly index every year since in 2003, with IBM providing same-sex partners of its employees with health benefits and an anti-discrimination clause. In addition, in 2005, IBM became the first major company in the world to formally commit not to use genetic information in employment decisions; and in 2017, IBM was named for the Working Mother ' 100 List of the Best Companies for the 32nd year in a row.
IBM has several leadership development and recognition programs to recognize employee potential and achievement. For high-potential early career employees, IBM sponsors leadership development programs with discipline (eg, general management (GMLDP), human resources (HRLDP), finance (FLDP)). Each year, the company also selects 500 IBM for IBM Corporate Service Corps (CSC), which has been described as a corps of Peace Corps corporation and provides the best employee a month to do humanitarian work abroad. For certain apprentices, IBM also has a program called Extreme Blue that partners with high-end business and technical students to develop high-value, competitive technologies to present their business case to corporate CEOs at the end of an internship.
The company also has various designations for outstanding individual contributors such as Senior Technical Staff Member (STSM), Research Staff Member (RSM), Distinguished Engineer (DE), and Distinguished Designer (DD). A prolific inventor may also achieve patent patents and obtain Master Inventor appointments. The appointment of the most prestigious company is IBM Fellow. Since 1963, the company has named a handful of Fellows each year based on technical achievements. Other programs recognize tenure as the Quarter Century Club was established in 1924, and the seller qualified to join the One Hundred Percent Club, consisting of IBM salesmen fulfilling their quota, held in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Each year, the company also selects 1,000 IBM annually to provide the Best IBM Award, which includes all-cost paid trips to award ceremonies at exotic locations.
IBM's culture has evolved significantly during its century of operation. In the early days, dark (or gray) suits, white shirts, and a "sincere" tie formed a common uniform for IBM employees. During the transformation of IBM's management in the 1990s, CEO Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. loosening these codes, normalizing the clothing and behavior of IBM employees. Corporate culture has also been given to different dramas on corporate acronyms (IBM), with some proverbs being an abbreviation of "I Have Been Moved" due to relocation and layoffs, others say it stands for "My Own" based on the work-from-where norm -which is common, and others say it stands for "I'm Becoming a Mentor" because of the company's open door policy and the impetus for mentoring at all levels. In terms of employment relations, firms have traditionally rejected union organizing, even though unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States. In Japan, IBM employees also have an American football team complete with pro stadiums, cheerleaders, and television games, competing in the X-League Japan as "Big Blue".
In 2015, IBM began giving employees the choice to choose PC or Mac as their primary work tool, making it the world's largest Mac store. In 2016, IBM removed its forced ratings and changed its annual performance review system to focus more on feedback, coaching and skills development.
IBM Alumni
Many IBMer have also reached the notation outside of work and after leaving IBM. In business, former IBM employees include Apple Inc. CEO. Tim Cook, former CEO of EDS and politician Ross Perot, chairman of Microsoft John W. Thompson, founder of SAP Hasso Plattner, CEO of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Lisa Su, formerly Citizens Financial Group CEO Ellen Alemany, former Yahoo! Chairman Alfred Amoroso, former CEO of AT & amp; C. Michael Armstrong, former CEO of Xerox Corporation David T. Kearns and G. Richard Thoman, former CEO of Fair Isaac Corporation Mark N. Greene, co-founder of Citrix Systems Ed Iacobucci, ASOS.com chairman Brian McBride, former CEO of Lenovo Steve Ward, and former Teradata CEO Kenneth Simonds.
In government, alumni Patricia Roberts Harris served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development of the United States, the first African American woman to serve in the United States Cabinet. Samuel K. Skinner served as US Transport Secretary and as White House Chief of Staff. The alumni also include US Senators Mack Mattingly and Thom Tillis; Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker; former US Ambassador, Vincent Obsitnik (Slovakia), Arthur K. Watson (France), and Thomas Watson Jr. (USSR); and former US Representative Todd Akin, Glenn Andrews, Robert Garcia, Katherine Harris, Amo Houghton, Jim Ross Lightfoot, Thomas J. Manton, Donald W. Riegle Jr., and Ed Zschau.
Others are NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino, Canadian astronaut Julie Payette, president of Harvey Mudd University Maria Klawe, president of West University Governor emeritus Robert Mendenhall, former Kentucky University president Lee T. Todd Jr., NFL referee Bill Carollo, former member of Rangers FC chairman John McClelland, and the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature J. M. Coetzee. Thomas Watson Jr. also served as the 11th national president, Boy Scouts of America.
The 14 members of the Company's Board of Directors are responsible for the overall management of the company and include the CEOs of American Express, Ford Motor Company, Boeing, Dow Chemical, Johnson and Johnson, and Cemex.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments