Japanese in Hawaii (Japanese or " Local Japanese ", rarely Kepan? ) is the second ethnic largest group in Hawaii. At its peak in 1920, they constituted 43% of the Hawaiian population. They now number about 16.7% of the island's population, according to the 2000 US Census. The US census separately categorizes mixed race individuals, so the proportion of people with multiple Japanese descendants is likely to be much larger.
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History
Last voyage of Inawaka-maru
The first known arrival from Japan to Hawaii occurred on May 5, 1806, involving survivors of the ill-fated Inawaka-maru who had been floating on their ship for more than seventy days.
The Inawaka-maru , a small cargo ship built in 1798 in Osaka, is owned by Mansuke Motoya. The Inawaka-maru began its final voyage from Hiroshima to Edo (modern Tokyo) on November 7, 1805. The ship had been hired by the Kikkawa clan to provide mats, horse baits, and two passengers, Kikkawa officials. Its crew consists of Captain Niinaya Ginzo, Master Ichiko Sadagoro, Hirahara Zenmatsu Sailor, Akazaki Matsujiro, Yumori Kasoji, and Wasazo, a total of eight vessels. The Inawaka-maru should return, and resume its journey on November 27th. He arrived in Edo on December 21st, started back to his harbor stop in Kanagawa, Uraga, and Shimoda, and left on his last leg - from Shimoda across the Enshunada Sea - on January 6, 1806. The Inawaka-maru caught by a snowstorm that turned into rain and winds hit the ship east to the Pacific Ocean. On January 7th, the crew cut down the pole due to strong winds. On January 11 two rocky islands were seen but no effort was made against them. It will be the last land before the Hawaiian Islands. On January 20th, the water store was empty, but the men collected rainwater to survive. On 28 February the rice stock runs out. On March 15 a flying fish landed on board and the men fished to defend themselves. On March 20 Tabour , a Captain American ship by Cornelius Sole, rescued people from Inawaka-maru . She finds them asking for food by gesturing to their stomachs, mouths and bows, finding empty kitchens, and understanding their trials. He owns the goods of the victims who were taken aboard his ship and rescued goods and goods on board the ship Inawaka-maru . Captain Sole has fed the victims, within a span of five days, a small portion of three meals a day, a medicine for starvation. On May 5, 1806 Tabour arrived at Oahu, Hawaii. Captain Sole left eight Japanese in the care of King Kamehameha I. Captain Sole also left an anchor of Inawaka-maru , 40 axes, and other items as payment for Royal hospitality.
The King delegated responsibility for Japan to Kalanimoku who had 50 men building homes on May 6 for Japan. It took four days to build and a chef and two home-assigned keepers, who attracted a crowd of people from different ethnicities. On August 17, Japan left Hawaii on board Persistence to Macau on 17 October. From there they took a Chinese ship to Jakarta on 25 December. In Jakarta they fell ill and five died there or on their way to Nagasaki where they arrived on 17 June 1807 where the other died. At the time Sakoku illegally left Japan and the remaining two people were jailed and interrogated. One committed suicide and the remaining survivor Hirahara Zenmatsu finally made it home November 29, 1807 but was summoned by Asano Narikata, The Daimy? Hiroshima, to share his experience entitled Iban Hyoryu Kikokuroku Zenmatsu . Hirahara Zenmatsu died six months later.
Gannenmono
In 1866, Eugene Miller Van Reed, an American of Dutch descent, went to Japan as a representative of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He failed to establish a Hawaii-Japanese official relationship, but remained there as a merchant and obtained Japanese emigration permission from the Edo Shogunate. When he began recruiting, the new Meiji Government that came to power in 1867, the first year of the Meiji period, annulled all of the Edo Shogun's treaties. Van Reed, however, went on without the permission of the new government to send 153 Japanese to Hawaii to work on the sugar plantation. They sailed from Yokohama to Honolulu from 17 May to 19 June 1868 in Scioto. The first official group of Japanese immigrants is called Gannenmono (Japanese: ??? ), meaning "people from the first year (from Meiji period)" , and the 150th anniversary of their arrival is celebrated in Hawaii in 2018.
There were 142 men and 6 women in this early group, so many of them married Hawaiians after they arrived in Hawaii. They work in sugar plantations in Oahu, Maui, Kauai and Lanai. Two or three months after arriving, many complain of contract breaches because working conditions and salary do not match what is promised. At least four out of six women and 50 men returned to Japan in 1870. Seven had died before their contract expired. Among Gannenmono there are some people who will become a legend among Japanese Americans in Hawaii: Tomitar? Makino from Miyagi, group leader; The youngest Ichigor? Ishimura, 13 years old; Sentar? Ishii, a 102-year-old samurai from Okayama when he died on Maui; Tokujir? "Shop" Sat? from Tokyo, who lives in the Waipio Valley with his Hawaiian wife Clara; and Tar? Dan ?, who will become the first Consul General of Japan in the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Immigration Next
Between 1869 and 1885 the Japanese banned emigration to Hawaii for fear that Japanese workers would undermine the reputation of the Japanese race, as was the case with China in the view of the Japanese government. In 1881 King David Kal? Kaua visits Japan to strengthen ties between the two countries. Kal? Kaua offers not to ask for the extraterritoriality of Japan, an act that departs from the norms of western countries. On March 10 Kalakaua meets Meiji to propose a marriage between Princess Victoria Kaiulani and Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito. A few days later the proposal was rejected, but the immigration ban was finally lifted in 1885. 153 the first Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on February 8, 1885 as contract workers for sugarcane and pineapple plantations.
Hawaii annexation by the United States
The political environment shifted with the beginnings of a new era known as the Hawaiian Revolution. In 1887 the settlers terminated the absolute rule by the king by forcing him to accept the Bayonet Constitution and approving a constitutional government with a strong parliament. The new Constitution grants votes only to Hawaiians, Americans, and Europeans, and thereby denying the right to other Japanese and Asian people. The Japanese commissioners worked to suppress the Kingdom to restore the rights of the Japanese by changing the constitution. In 1893 the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown, Tokyo responded by appointing Captain T? G? Heihachir? to lead the Japanese naval activities in Hawaii. HIJMS Naniwa immediately sent to Hawaii to meet with HIJMS Kong? who has been on a training mission.
Captain T? G? had previously been a guest Kal? kaua, and back to Hawaii to denounce the overthrow of Queen Lydia Lili? uokalani, the sister and successor of the deceased king and did "diplomacy of warships". T? G? refused to salute the Provisional Government by not raising the Republican flag. He refused to recognize the new regime, pushing British ship HMS Garnet to do the same and protest against the overthrow. The Japanese commissioner finally stopped T? G? from continuing his protest, believing it would cancel his work in restoring the right to Japan. Kat? Kanji wrote in the back that he had regretted they did not protest harder and should have recruited England in protest.
The ongoing presence of the Japanese Navy and the Japanese opposition to the overthrow led to fears that Japan might use military force to restore Lili? Uokalani to his throne as a Japanese doll. Anti-Japanese sentiment is on the rise.
After April 30, 1900, all children born in Hawaii are American citizens at birth. (8 U.S.C.Ã,§§ 1405) Most Japanese children have dual citizenship after their parents register them. The Japanese settlers established the first Japanese school in the United States. By 1920, 98% of all Japanese children in Hawaii attended Japanese schools. Statistics for 1934 showed 183 schools taught a total of 41,192 students. Currently, Japanese schools in Hawaii operate as additional education (usually on a Friday night or Saturday morning) that is above the compulsory education required by the state.
Today, where the Nikkei is about one fifth of the population, Japanese is the main language, spoken and studied by many of the state's population across ethnicities. It is taught in private Japanese language schools as early as second grade. As a courtesy to a large number of Japanese tourists (from Japan), Japanese subtext is provided on place signs, public transport, and civil facilities. The Hawaii media market has several locally produced Japanese newspapers and magazines; However, this is on the verge of dying, due to a lack of interest in the part of the local Japanese population (Hawaii-born). Shops serving the tourism industry often have Japanese-speaking personnel. To show their loyalty to the US, many Nisei and Sansei deliberately avoid learning Japanese.
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Education
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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