Nomad

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A nomad (Greek: ????? , nomas , plural tribe) is a member of the community of people living in different locations, moving from one place to another to search for pasture for their animals. Among the various nomadic ways relating to their environment, one can distinguish hunter-gatherers, pastoral herders who have cattle, or "modern" moving nomads. In 1995, there were about 30-40 million nomads in the world.

Hunting and collecting nomads, following wild plants and seasonal games, is by far the oldest method of human subsistence. Pastoralists pasture cattle, move them, or move with them, in patterns that usually avoid the grassland repetition beyond their ability to recover.

Nomadism is also a lifestyle adapted to infertile areas such as steppe, tundra, or ice and sand, where mobility is the most efficient strategy to exploit scarce resources. For example, many groups in the tundra are deer herds and are semi-nomadic, after searching for food for their animals. These nomads sometimes adapt the use of high technology such as solar photovoltaic to reduce their dependence on diesel fuel.

Sometimes also described as "nomads" are mobile populations traveling in densely populated areas that live not on natural resources, but by offering services (craft or trade) to the population. These groups are known as "moving nomads".

Video Nomad

Karakteristik umum

Nomads are homeless people who live, move from place to place as a way of getting food, finding pastures for cattle, or making a living. The word Nomad comes from the Greek word meaning people who wander for pasture. Most nomadic groups follow a pattern of annual and seasonal permanent movements and settlements. The nomadic peoples usually travel with animals or canoes or on foot. Today, some nomads travel by motor vehicles. Most nomads live in tents or other portable shelters.

The nomads keep moving for various reasons. Nomad collectors move on to search for games, edible plants, and water. The Aboriginal Australians, Negritos of Southeast Asia, and San Africa, for example, have traditionally moved from camp to camp to hunt and collect wild plants. Some tribes in America follow this way of life. Shepherds in the desert make a living raising livestock, such as camels, cows, goats, horses, sheep, or yak, the Gaddi tribe in Himachal Pradesh India is one of the tribes. These travelers traveled to find more camels, goats, and sheep through the deserts of Arabia and northern Africa. Fulani and their cattle travel through the Niger meadows in western Africa. Some nomadic societies, especially shepherds, may also move to raid communities that remain or avoid enemies. Handicraft craftsmen and traveling nomadic traders to find and serve customers. They include Lohar blacksmiths from India, Romani merchants, and Irish Tourists.

Most travelers travel in family groups called bands or tribes. These groups are based on familial relationships and marriage bonds or formal cooperation agreements. An adult male council makes the most of the decisions, although some tribes have tribal chiefs.

In the case of Mongolian travelers, a family moved twice a year. Both movements generally occur during summer and winter. Winter locations are usually located near the mountains in the valley and most families already have their winter fixed location. Winter locations have shelter for animals and are not used by other families when they are out. In summer they move to a more open area that animals can feed. Most travelers usually move in the same area and do not travel far into completely different areas. Because they usually surround large areas, communities are formed and other families generally know where others are. Most often, a family does not have the resources to move from one province to another unless they move from that area permanently. A family can move on its own or with others and if it moves on its own, they are usually no more than a few kilometers from each other. In modern times there are no tribes and people making decisions among their family members, although they consult with the elders in ordinary matters. The family's geographical proximity is usually for mutual support. Pastoral nomadic societies usually do not have large populations. One such society, the Mongols, gave rise to the greatest land empire in history. The Mongols originally consisted of a loosely organized nomadic tribe in Mongolia, Manchuria, and Siberia. At the end of the 12th century, Genghis Khan united them and other nomadic tribes to find the Mongol Empire, which eventually stretched across Asia.

The way of nomadic life has become increasingly rare. Many governments do not like nomads because it is difficult to control their movements and to get taxes from them. Many countries have turned grasslands into agricultural land and forced nomadic communities into permanent settlements.

Maps Nomad

Hunter-gatherer

'Nomadic hunter-gatherers' (also known as collectors) move from camp to camp, following the game and wild fruits and vegetables. Hunting and gathering illustrates the subsistence lifestyle of our ancestors. Following the development of agriculture, most hunter-gatherers eventually evacuate or switch to agricultural or pastoral groups. Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers; and some of these supplements, sometimes extensively, their foraging activities by farming or raising animals.

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Pastoralism

The Pastoral nomads are nomadic people moving among the meadows. Nomadic pastoralism is considered to have developed in three stages accompanying population growth and increasing the complexity of social organization. Karim Sadr has proposed the following stages:

Pastoralism: This is a mixed economy with a symbiosis in the family.
Agropastoralism: This is when symbiosis is between segments or genera in an ethnic group.
True Nomadism: This is when symbiosis is at the regional level, generally between nomadic and special farming populations.

Pastoralists do not move much in certain areas, because they move between permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry season and wet season) for their livestock. The nomadic moves depend on the availability of resources.

Origin

Nomadic pastoralism appears to have developed as part of the secondary product revolution proposed by Andrew Sherratt, in which early pre-vernacular neolithic cultures that have used animals as living flesh ("on the nails") also began to use animals for their secondary products, for example, milk and other dairy products, wool and other animal hair, hiding and consequently skin, fertilizer for fuel and fertilizer, and traction.

Nomadic pastoral communities were first developed in the period of 8,500-6,500 BC in the southern Levant region. There, during the uplifting period, the culture of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) in Sinai was replaced by a pottery culture using nomadic herding, which seems to have been a cultural blend of the new Mesolithic people coming from Egypt (Harifian culture), adopting a lifestyle Their nomadic hunt to raise stocks.

This lifestyle rapidly evolved into what Jaris Yurins calls the techno-nomadic nomadic heritage of Arabia and possibly related to the emergence of Semitic languages â€‹â€‹in the Ancient Near East. The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoralism is characteristic of later developments such as the Yamnaya culture of horse and cow nomads from the Eurasian pasture, or from the later medieval Mongol spread.

Trekboer in southern Africa adopted nomadism from the 17th century.

Upgrade in post-Soviet Central Asia

One result of the breakup of the Soviet Union and the subsequent political independence and economic collapse of its Central Asian republics is the resurrection of pastoral nomadism. Taking the Kyrgyz people as a representative example, nomadism was their economic center before the Russian occupation at the turn of the 20th century, when they settled in agricultural villages. The population became more urban after World War II, but some people still take their horse and cow herds to the tall meadow (jailoo) every summer, continuing the pattern of transhumation.

Since the 1990s, as the cash economy has shrunk, unemployed relatives have been reabsorbed into family farms, and the importance of this form of nomadism has increased. Symbols of nomadism, especially the gray tent crown known as yurts, appear in the national flag, emphasizing the importance of nomadism in the origins of the modern nation of Kyrgyzstan.

Temporary

From 1920 to 2008, nomadic nomadic tribal populations slowly declined from more than a quarter of Iran's population. Grassland tribes were nationalized during the 1960s. The UNESCO National Commission registered the Iranian population at 21 million in 1963, of which two million (9.5%) were nomadic. Although Iranian nomadic populations have dropped dramatically in the 20th century, Iran still has one of the largest nomadic populations in the world, estimated at 1.5 million in a country of about 70 million people.

In Kazakhstan where the main agricultural activities are nomadic grazing, forced collectivization under the reign of Joseph Stalin met with massive resistance and massive losses and livestock foreclosure. Livestock in Kazakhstan fell from 7 million cows to 1.6 million and from 22 million sheep to 1.7 million. Famine produced in 1931-1934 led to about 1.5 million deaths: this represented over 40% of the total Kazakh population at that time.

In the 1950s and 1960s, a large number of Bedouin people across the Middle East began to abandon traditional and nomadic lives to settle in Middle Eastern cities, especially as the home range had shrunk and population levels had increased. Government policies in Egypt and Israel, oil production in Libya and the Persian Gulf, as well as a desire for a better standard of living, effectively left most Bedouin people into permanent citizens in various countries, rather than stateless nomadic shepherds. A century ago, nomadic people, Badou is still 10% of the total Arab population. Today they account for about 1% of the total.

At independence in 1960, Mauritania was essentially a nomadic society. Great Sahel droughts in the early 1970s caused major problems in a country where 85% of the population were nomadic herders. Currently only 15% remain nomadic.

A total of 2 million nomadic Kuchis were roaming in Afghanistan in the years before the Soviet invasion, and most experts agree that by 2000 the number had dropped dramatically, perhaps by half. Severe drought has destroyed 80% of livestock in some areas.

Niger underwent a serious food crisis in 2005 following an uncertain rain and invasion of the desert locusts. Nomads like Tuareg and Fulani, who make up 20% of Nigeria's 12.9 million population, have been hard hit by the Niger food crisis so their fragile ways of life are threatened. Nomads in Mali are also affected.

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Minority of contemporary moves in Europe and Asia

"Moving minorities" are mobile populations that move between sedentary populations offering crafts or trade.

Every community is primarily endogamous, and survives traditionally on various commercial activities or services. Previously, all or most of its members were traveling, and this is largely true today. Migration generally occurs within the political boundaries of a country lately.

Every mobile community is multilingual; it speaks one or more of the languages â€‹â€‹spoken by locals settled, and, additionally, in each group, a separate dialect or language spoken. The latter is either from India or Iranian origin, and many are composed like argot or secret language, with vocabulary extracted from various languages. There are indications that in northern Iran at least one community speaks Romanian, and some groups in Turkey also speak Romani.

Romani

People Dom

In Afghanistan, Nausar works as a claimant and animal trader. Ghorbat men mainly make filters, drums, and birdcages, and these women peddle these as well as other household and personal items; they also work as moneylenders for rural women. Pedaling and sale of various items are also performed by men and women from various groups, such as Jalali, Pikraj, Shadibaz, Noristani, and Vangawala. The latter and Pikraj also work as animal traders. Some men in between Shadibaz and Vangawala are entertained as keepers of monkeys or bears and snake charmers; men and women among Baluch are musicians and dancers. Baluch people are warriors who are feared by neighboring tribes and often used as mercenaries. Jogi men and women have a variety of subsistence activities, such as horse trading, harvesting, fortune telling, bloodshed, and begging.

In Iran Asheq Azerbaijan, Challi from Baluchistan, Luti Kurdistan, Kerm? Nsh? H? L? M, and Lorest? N, Mehtar in Mamasani district, Sazandeh Band-i Amir and Marvashash, and Toshmal among the Bakhtyari pastoral groups working as professional musicians. The people among Kowli worked as complainants, blacksmiths, musicians, and monkey and bear handlers; they also make baskets, strainers, and brooms and sell donkeys. Their women make a living from peddling, begging, and predicting fate.

The Ghorbat among Basseri are blacksmiths and tinkers, traded in pack animals, and making sieves, reed mats, and small wood tools. In the territory of the Republic, Qarbalband, Kuli, and Luli were reportedly working as blacksmiths and making baskets and filters; they also dealt with packing animals, and their women peddled various items among the travelers in the meadow. In the same area, Changi and Luti are musicians and balladers, and their children are learning this profession since the age of 7 or 8 years.

Nomadic groups in Turkey make and sell cradles, deal with animals, and play music. People from the group settled working in towns as scavengers and hangers; elsewhere they are fishermen, blacksmiths, basket makers, and singers; their women danced at the feast and predicted fate. Abdal's men played music and made sieves, brooms, and wooden spoons for a living. Tahtac? traditionally working as tree fellers; with increased sedimentation, however, they have been brought to agriculture and horticulture.

Little is known for certain about the past of these communities; each history is almost entirely contained in their oral tradition. Although some groups - such as Vangawala - are from India, some - such as Noristani - may have originated locally; others may migrate from adjoining areas. Ghorbat and Shadibaz claim to come from Iran and Multan, respectively, and Tahtac? Traditional accounts mention either Baghdad or Khor's? n as their original home. Baluch says they are bound as a service community to Jamshedi, after they escaped from Baluchistan out of hostility.

YÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¶rÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¼ks

YÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¶rÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â¼ks are nomadic people living in Turkey. Still some groups like Sar? KeÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â§ililers continue the nomadic lifestyle between Mediterranean coastal cities and the Taurus Mountains though most of them are inhabited by both the late Ottoman and the Turkish republic gets

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Picture gallery

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References

Taking the RC Nomad for a Spin - YouTube

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Nomad

Rabu, 11 Juli 2018

Nomad

Video Nomad

Karakteristik umum

Maps Nomad

Hunter-gatherer