Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada to live in the country. The majority of these people become Canadian citizens. After 1947, domestic immigration laws and policies underwent major changes, especially with the Immigration Act, 1976, and the current Immigration and Refugee Protection Act from 2002. Canada's immigration policy is still growing. As recently as 2008, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has made significant changes to streamline immigrant flows. Such changes include reducing the professional category for skilled immigration as well as hats for immigrants in various categories. In the year from July 2015 to June 2016, 320,932 immigrants entered Canada.
In Canada there are four categories of immigrants: the family class (people closely related to Canadians living in Canada), economic immigrants (skilled workers and businessmen), others (people who are accepted as immigrants for humanitarian or compassionate reasons) and refugees (those who escaped persecution, torture or cruel and unusual punishment). According to the 2001 census by Statistics Canada, Canada has 33 ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which 10 have more than 1,000,000 people and many others are represented in smaller numbers. 16.2% of the population including a visible minority.
In 2013-2014, most Canadian societies, as well as major political parties, support either maintaining or improving current immigration levels. A sociological study of 2014 even concluded that "Australia and Canada are the most receptive to immigration among western countries". However, by 2017, the majority of Canadians indicate that they agree that Canada should receive fewer immigrants and refugees.
Video Immigration to Canada
History
After the initial period of British and French colonization, the four major (or peak) waves of immigration and non-aboriginal settlement occurred for nearly two centuries. The fifth wave is currently happening.
First wave
The first significant, non-aboriginal immigration wave to Canada occurred for nearly two centuries with slow and progressive French Quebec and Acadian settlements with smaller numbers of American and European businessmen in addition to British military personnel. This wave culminated with the influx of 46-50,000 British Loyalists who fled the American Revolution, mainly from the Mid-Atlantic countries largely to what is currently Southern Ontario, Eastern Townships of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia of whom 36,000 went to the Maritimes. Some of them then walked to Ontario. The second wave of 30,000 Americans settled in Ontario and Eastern Townships between the late 1780s and 1812s with land promises. Several several thousand Scottish Gaelic Highlanders from Scottish forced grounds migrated to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and parts of Eastern Ontario during this period. This marks a new age for Canada and its people.
Second wave
The second wave of Britain and Ireland or the Great Migration, prompted immigrants to settle in Canada after the War of 1812, and included the regular British army who had served in the war. In 1815, 80% of the 250,000 English speakers in Canada were American colonies, or their descendants. In 1851 their percentage dropped to 30%. The Canadian colonial governor, worried about other American invasion efforts and to counter the influence of French-speaking Quebec, rushed to promote settlements in rural areas along newly built boardwalks in organized soil channels, mostly in Upper Canada present-day Ontario), many settlements are organized by large companies to promote clearing, and thus farm much land. With the second wave, Irish immigration to Canada has increased, a small amount to organize land settlements but many more came to work in canals, wood, trains and then peaked when the Irish Potato Famine occurred from 1846 until 1849 so hundreds of thousands more Irish arrived at Canadian beaches, though some migrate to the United States, either in the short term or over the next few decades. At least 800,000 immigrants arrived between 1815 and 1850, 60% of them were British (English and Scottish) and the rest were mostly Irish. The movement of these people known as Great Migration pushed the Canadian population from about 500,000 in 1812 to 2.5 million in 1851. Ontario (Upper Canadian): 952,000; Quebec (Lower Canadian): 890,000 - about a quarter speak English as the first language; Maritime province: 550,000. The French population was about 300,000 in 1812 and has risen to about. 700,000 by census 1851. Demographically, he moved to the majority of English-speaking countries.
The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 copies the American system by offering a 160 acre (except for a small registration fee) landholding to anyone aged 18 and above or any woman headed for households. They do not need to be citizens, but must live on the plot and fix it.
Also during this period, Canada became the entrance for many Europeans who wanted to enter the United States. Canadian transport companies advertise Canadian ports as a hassle-free way to enter the US especially as the US begins to limit entry to certain ethnicities. The US and Canada alleviated this situation in 1894 with the Canadian Agreement allowing US immigration officials to inspect ships landing in Canadian ports for immigrants excluded from the US. If found, the carrier is responsible for sending the person back.
Clifford Sifton, minister of Internal Affairs in Ottawa, 1896-1905, found west free soil was ideal for growing wheat and will attract a lot of hard-working farmers. He removes obstacles that include land control by a company or organization that does little to encourage completion. The land companies, Hudson's Bay Company, and the school lands all have vast land. Trains continue to close off even larger channels because they are reluctant to take legal rights over the land they count, thus blocking the sale of odd-numbered channels. Sifton broke the legal log jam, and set up an aggressive advertising campaign in the US and Europe, with a number of agents promoting western Canada. He also brokered agreements with ethnic groups who wanted a large treaty for homogeneous settlement. The goal is to maximize immigration from the UK, eastern Canada and the US.
Third wave (1890-1920) and fourth wave (1940s-1960s)
The third wave of immigration came largely from the European continent peaking before World War I, between 1911-1913 (over 400,000 in 1912), much of Eastern or Southern Europe. The fourth wave came from Europe after the Second World War, peaking at 282,000 in 1957. Much of Italy and Portugal. Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia is an influential port for European immigration; Pier 21 received 471,940 Italy between 1928 and ceased operations in 1971, making Italy the third largest ethnic group that immigrated to Canada during that time period. Together, they make Canada a more multi-ethnic country with substantial non-British or non-French European elements. For example, Canadian Ukraine accounts for the largest Ukrainian population outside of Ukraine and Russia. The Church of England took on the role of introducing British values ​​to farmers who had just arrived in the pasture. In practice, they hold on to their traditional religious affiliations.
The period of low immigration has also taken place: the international movement was extremely difficult during the world war, and there was a lack of employment "pulling" workers into Canada during the Great Depression in Canada.
Canadianization is a top priority for newcomers who have no British cultural background. Immigrants from the UK are given the highest priority. There is no special effort to attract Francophone immigrants. In terms of economic opportunities, Canada is most attractive to farmers headed to the Prairies, which usually originate in eastern and central Europe. British immigrants prefer urban life.
Fifth wave (1970s-present)
Immigration since the 1970s has become a visible minority of the developing world. This was greatly influenced in 1976 when the Immigration Act was revised and this continued to be the official government policy. During the reign of Mulroney, the immigration rate increased. In the late 1980s, the fifth wave of immigration had been maintained with little fluctuation since (225,000-275,000 per year). Currently, most immigrants come from South Asia, China and the Caribbean and this trend is expected to continue.
2017 border crossing crisis
In August 2017, the border between Quebec and New York, saw the entry of up to 500 illegal crossings daily, by people seeking asylum in Canada. Canada is stepping up border patrols and immigration staff in the area, and reaffirms that crossing the border illegally has no effect on a person's asylum status.
Chinese
Prior to 1885, immigration restrictions were largely imposed in response to a large wave of immigration rather than a planned policy decision, but were not specifically targeted at one group or ethnicity, at least as official policy. Then came the introduction of the first Chinese Tax Head law passed in 1885, which was a response to the growing number of Chinese working on the Canadian Pacific Railway. The subsequent rise in head taxes in 1900 and 1903 were Chinese entrants limited to Canada. In 1907 there was a great riot against Asians in Vancouver, BC. In 1923 the government passed a Chinese Immigration Act that excluded the Chinese from entering Canada entirely between 1923 and 1947. Due to discriminate against Chinese immigrants in the past, official apology and official compensation was announced on 22 June 2006.
Citizenship
The term Canada as a national or citizenship term was first used under the Immigration Act, 1910, to appoint English people residing in Canada. All other English subjects require permission to land. Separate status of "Canadian citizens" is made under the Canadian Citizenship Act, 1921, defined as the Canadians as defined above, their wives, and children (fathers of such citizens) who have not yet landed in Canada. After the passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, the monarchy ceased to be an exclusive British institution. Because this is Canada, and others who live in countries known as the Commonwealth region, it is known as the Crown subject . However, in legal documents, the term "English subject" continues to be used and "Canada" is the official English subject that was born or regularly domiciled in Canada.
Canada was the first country in the former British Commonwealth to enact its own citizenship law in 1946, with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act of 1946. This was effective on January 1, 1947. To be considered a Canadian citizen on January 1, 1947, one generally must be an English subject on that date, or have been accepted in Canada as immigrants landed before that date. The First Nations people were then included in the amendment in 1956. The words of the English subject are generally referred to by anyone from the British Empire, its colon at that time, or the Commonwealth. The acquisition and loss of British subject status before 1947 is determined by British law.
Canada offers Canadian citizenship through naturalization. In 2006 the Canadian government reduced the cost of landings per immigrant by 50%. In June 2017, the first implementation of a series of important reforms for the Citizenship Act came into force. These reforms restore many of the previous applicable requirements for more than 3 decades in Canada before they are removed and replaced by stricter criteria by the Conservative government by 2015. The most important changes including permanent residence are now a requirement for 3 years out of 5 years during the period before the application submission. No more physical attendance rules. Persons aged 14 to 54 must pass a Canadian knowledge test and demonstrate basic skills in English or French, official Canadian languages. Deprivation of citizenship should follow a more formal and balanced process. On 15 February 1977, Canada withdrew the limits of dual citizenship. Many provisions for obtaining or losing Canadian citizenship under the 1946 law were lifted. Canadian citizens are generally no longer subject to unintentional disappearance of citizenship, except for deprivation on the basis of immigration scams.
Statistics Canada has tabulated immigration effects on population growth in Canada from 1851 to 2001.
Emigration
Emigration from Canada to the United States has historically exceeded immigration, but there is a brief period in which the reverse is true; for example, the Loyalist refugees; during various British Columbia gold rushes and then the Klondike Gold Rush which sees many American prospectors inhabiting British Columbia and Yukon; Land settlers moved from the North to Prairies in the early 20th century and also during periods of political turmoil and/or during war, for example the Vietnam War. There are more than 1 million Canadians living in the US (over millions of Canadian immigrant descendants to the United States - New England alone is 20-25% of Canadian descent) and 1 million Americans live in Canada.
It should be noted that immigration has always been offset by emigration: sometimes this is a major government concern that intends to fill the country, especially western provinces. The United States as a whole is the ultimate goal followed by inverse migration. As a result the Canadian population in Confederation (1867) is 3.75 million, or 10% of the US population, this average is maintained from about 1830 to 1870. This dropped to 6% in 1900 due to large emigration to the US and in Regardless of immigration scale to Canada. Emigration to the US was only 370,000 in the 1870s; an average of one million a decade from 1880 to 1910; nearly 750,000 from 1911 to 1920 and 1.25 million from 1921 to 1930. They consisted of native Canadians and new immigrants from various European countries. Between 1945 and 1965 emigration to the US averaged 40-45,000 annually. New in 1960 the population of Canada reached another 10%, or 18 million. Today (2017) with more than 35 million people, Canada has 10.8% of its neighboring population in the south. In times of economic hardship, the Canadian government is often forced to deport and deport "forced" forced to deplete the number of unemployed workers; however, at the time of the Mackenzie-King administration it was realized that this was a real short-term solution that resulted in a shortage of manpower in the future (that immigration was originally intended to be overcome).
Maps Immigration to Canada
Immigration rate
In 2001, 250,640 people immigrated to Canada, relative to a total population of 30,007,094 people per 2001 Census. Since 2001 immigration has ranged between 221,352 and 262,236 immigrants per year. In 2017, the Liberal government announces Canada will welcome nearly a million immigrants over the next three years. The number of migrants will rise to 310,000 by 2018, up from 300,000 this year. That number will increase to 330,000 by 2019 and 340,000 by 2020. The three main official reasons given for immigration rates are:
- The social component - Canada facilitates family reunification.
- Humanitarian component - Relates to refugees.
- Economic component - Attracts immigrants who will contribute economically and meet the needs of the labor market.
The immigration rate peaked in 1993 in the last year of the Conservative Progressive government and administered by the Canadian Liberal Party. An ambitious target of an annual 1% per capita immigration rate is hampered by financial constraints. The Liberals committed themselves to raising the level of actual immigration even further in 2005. All political parties are now cautiously criticizing the high level of immigration. As a result, the immigration rate to Canada (about 0.7% per year) is much higher per capita than to the United States (about one million, or 0.3%, per year). Furthermore, most immigration to the United States comes from Latin America, with relatively fewer than Asia; The United States only recognizes about twice as many immigrants from Asian countries as China, India, Philippines, and Pakistan as Canada, despite having nine times the population. Because of this, the largest minority in the United States is a population of Latin America, while Canada's largest minority is Asian.
The growth of immigrant populations is concentrated in or near major cities (mainly Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal). These cities are experiencing an increase in service demands that accompany strong population growth, causing concerns about infrastructure capabilities in cities to handle inflows. For example, the Toronto Star article published July 14, 2006 written by Daniel Stoffman notes that 43% of immigrants moved to the Greater Toronto Area and said "unless Canada cuts immigrant numbers, our big cities will not be able maintaining their social and physical infrastructure ". Most provinces that do not have one of these destinations have implemented strategies to try to improve their immigration sections.
According to the Citizenship and Immigration of Canada, under the Canadian-Quebec Accord of 1991, Quebec has the sole responsibility of selecting most of the immigrants destined for the province. Of course, once immigrants are granted residence permits or permanent citizenship, they are free to move between and stay in any province under Part 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom.
Immigration category
There are three main categories for Canadian immigration:
Economic immigrants
Citizenship and Immigration Canada employs seven sub-categories of economic immigrants, and includes skilled workers under these classes: Quebec's skilled worker class, federal skilled trade, federal skilled workers program, provincial nomination class, and Canadian experience classes.
This process is done by submitting an online profile to an express entrance pool, under one of Canada's 3 federal immigration programs or a provincial immigration program. The highest ranking candidates will be invited to apply for a permanent residence.
Business immigration program offering permanent acceptance to Canada:
- Quebec Immigrant Investor Program (QIIP)
- Quebec Entrepreneur Program
- Quebec Self-employed
- The Federal Start-UP Visa Program
Individuals with certain net worth may also apply for permanent residence through certain programs.
Highly-skilled student caption applicants include 19.8% of all immigration in 2005. Canada has also created a VIP Immigration Business Program that enables immigrants with sufficient business experience or management experience to receive a Permanent Residence at a shorter period of other immigration types.
Family class
Under the government program, citizens and permanent residents can sponsor family members to immigrate to Canada.
Refugees
In 2010, Canada received 280,681 immigrants (permanent and temporary) of which 186,913 (67%) were economic immigrants; 60.220 (22%) is the Family class; 24,696 (9%) are Refugees; and 8,845 (2%) are Others. Approximately 60,000 people come to Canada annually under the initiative of the International Experience Canada, which provides Working Holiday, internships, and visa studies.
Under Canadian citizenship laws, immigrants may apply for citizenship after staying in Canada for 1095 days (3 years) within a period of 5 years provided they stay in Canada as permanent residents for at least two years.
On May 1, 2014, the Federal Skilled Workers Class was re-opened by accepting 25,000 applicants with a limit of 1,000 usage per category. The 2015 New Economic Action Plan came into force in January 2015 in which a skilled worker program will be more of an employer-based program. The list of jobs currently accepted for 2014 includes many jobs such as senior managers, accountants, doctors and medical professionals, professionals in marketing and advertising, real estate professionals, and more. Changes in 2015 move permanent residence in Canada away from the 'first come, first served' model, and toward a new structure that takes permanent residents based on Canadian economic needs. This new system is called "Express Entry".
Effective August 2, 2016, all home buyers (including immigrants and refugees) who are not Canadian citizens also do not have immigrant status are required to pay 15% of Property Transfer Tax when buying a residential property in the Greater Vancouver District.
Claiming Asylum in Canada
A person seeking asylum in Canada must first be deemed eligible by the Immigration and Refugee Council of Canada (IRB). IRB classifies eligible refugees into two separate categories:
- Refugee Convention:
A person who is outside and unable to return to his home country for fear of persecution based on several factors including race, religion, and political opinion.
- Someone who needs protection:
Claims for asylum in this category are usually done at the point of entry to Canada. Those who claim to be persons in need of protection should be unable to return to their home country safely because they will be subjected to the dangers of torture, the risks to their lives or the risk of cruel and unusual treatment.
There are many examples that make a person's claim unqualified for referral to IRB, especially those seeking entry into Canada via the US, are Canada-U. The Third Country Safe Agreement (STCA) is then applied. The STCA is responsible for limiting the appropriateness of refugees into Canada and the rejection of several hundred claims a year since its implementation. The Canadian Border Service Agency (CBSA) reports a decrease in the number of claims from 6,000-14,000 before its implementation to an average of 4,000 claims per year after its implementation. Hospital prosecutors have been subject to "indirect dissolution", the consequences of the claims of people in Canada being denied under the STCA, subjecting them to deportation to the destination where the person initially sought asylum, due to the more conservative immigration and refugee policies in the US.
Refugees in Detention
Asylum seekers arriving at the entry point on the Canadian border have been subjected to detention and detention, due to the passing of Bill C-31 in December 2012. Often, the prosecution is punished for failing to provide insufficient identification documents, violating the United Nations Refugee Convention where Canada is a signer. In 2010-2011, Canada detained 8,838 people, of which 4,151 were either asylum seekers or refused refugee plaintiffs. There is a requirement for the maximum deadline spent in detention after being released, a situation that has been criticized as contrary to European territory: Ireland (30 days), France (32 days), Spain (40 days), and Italy (60 days).
Immigration sources
Canada receives its immigrant population from nearly 200 countries.
Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one half of the population can have at least one parent born overseas. The number of ethnocultural population compositions is seen to double and form a minority population of cities in Canada.
Canadian_ immigrant population by country of birth (2016)
Immigrants refer to all persons holding or holding permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Immigration statistics 2011
Intellectual flaws and redundant requests
Some families have recently been denied immigration to Canada because their family members have a diagnosis of the autism spectrum and Citizenship and Immigration Canada feel the potential care costs for family members will place excessive demand on health or social services. People with autism disorder are acceptable if they can depend on themselves.
Temporary Foreign Worker Program
In 2012, more than 200,000 people were accepted in Canada under the Interim Foreign Worker Program, three times the number in 2002.
A person who comes to Canada through the Foreign Workers Program can only stay in a 3-year work permit.
Illegal immigration in Canada
Estimates of illegal immigrants in Canada range from 35,000 and 120,000. James Bissett, former head of the Canadian Immigration Service, has suggested that the lack of a credible refugee screening process, combined with the most likely disregard for deportation orders, has resulted in tens of thousands of extraordinary warrants for refugee arrests. prosecutor, with little law enforcement efforts. A 2008 report by Auditor General Sheila Fraser stated that Canada has lost track of 41,000 illegal immigrants.
The latest Canadian attitude towards immigration
An October 2016 study of Canadian values ​​by the Angus Reid polling agency provided a contradictory picture that about 68% of those surveyed said they wanted a minority to do more to fit the mainstream, the same number also said they were happy with how the immigrants integrate into the community. Furthermore, 79% of Canadians believe that immigration policies should be based on the needs of the country's economy and labor, rather than the need for foreigners to avoid a crisis in their home country. In a survey analysis, Reid wrote that although Canada's commitment to multiculturalism did not increase, and after the North American and European Anti-Immigrants movement such as Brexit had influenced Canadian attitudes and began to develop a preference for colorism in certain provinces. Reid also expressed his discomfort with the increasingly illiterate immigrants who could affect Canadian society. However, he found that the majority of newcomers and refugees felt treated fairly and welcomed as "Canadians".
The 2017 poll found that 37% of Canadians said too many refugees came to Canada, up from 30% by 2016. The 2017 survey also asked respondents about their level of comfort around people of different races and religions, a question that also asked in 2005 -06. This year, 89% said they felt comfortable around people of different races, down from 94% in 2005-2006.
Resettlement workers
Settlement workers help immigrants in Canada to understand their rights and responsibilities and find them the programs and services they need to integrate with new cultures and livelihood prospects. They motivate organizations to employ immigrants and support immigration through the recruitment of new members. They work with government agencies, school boards, libraries, and other community organizations with a network of resources.
Criticism
On L'Express, French news magazine, Canadian academician and environmentalist David Suzuki called Canada's "disgusting" immigration policy (We) looted the southern states to usurp their future leaders, and wanted to improve our population to support economic growth ") and insist that" Canada is full "(" Our beneficial area is diminishing "), although Canada has one of the smallest population densities in the world.
See also
- National Advancement Party of Canada
- Canadian Immigration Check
- Canadian visa policy
- Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Khosa
- Canadian demographics
- Former colonies and territories in Canada
- The history of Chinese immigration to Canada
- Immigration history to Canada
- Ministry of Immigration, Diversity, and Inclusion, Ministry of government for immigration to Quebec
- 25 Great Canadian Immigrant Awards
- Urban legend of immigrant benefits, hoax about benefit comparison
References
Further reading
External links
- Canadian immigration history at Marianopolis College
- Move Here, Stay Here: Canadian Immigrant Experience at the Library and Archives of Canada
- Immigration from Canada to Belgium
- Go to Canada - Immigration Portal: A free and useful source of information for new immigrants and potential migrants to Canada.
- Aware! Canadian import law
- Multicultural Canadian Website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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