James Marshall " Jimi " Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix ; November 27, 1942 - September 18, 1970) was a American rock guitarist, singer and songwriter. Although his main career lasted only four years, he is widely regarded as one of the most influential electric guitarists in the history of popular music, and one of the most famous musicians of the 20th century. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as "arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music".
Born in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15. In 1961, he was enlisted in the US Army and trained as a paratrooper at the 101st Airborne Division; he was given honorable leave the following year. Soon after, he moved to Clarksville, Tennessee, and started playing gigs at Chitlin Circuit, earning a spot on the backing band Isley Brothers and then with Little Richard, with whom he continued to work until mid-1965. He then played with Curtis Knight and Squires before moving on to England in late 1966 after being discovered by Linda Keith, who in turn was interested in bassist Chas Chandler of the Animals in becoming his first manager. Within a few months, Hendrix had earned three top ten UK hits with Jimi Hendrix Experience: "Hey Joe", "Purple Haze", and "The Wind Cries Mary". He gained fame in the US after his performance at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, and in 1968 his third and final studio album, Electric Ladyland, reached number one in the US; it was Hendrix's most commercially successful release and its first and only album. The highest paid player in the world, he became the title of the Woodstock Festival in 1969 and the Isle of Wight Festival in 1970, prior to the unintentional death of a barbiturate-related asphyxia on September 18, 1970, at the age of 27.
Hendrix is ​​musically inspired by American rock and roll and electric blues. He prefers amplifiers that are amplified with high volume and gain, and plays a role in utilizing previously unwanted sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He helped popularize the use of the wah-wah pedal in mainstream rock, and was the first artist to use stereophonic stereotypical effects on music recordings. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented: "Hendrix pioneered the use of instruments as an electronic sound source, the players had experimented with feedback and distortion, but Hendrix changed those effects and others became controlled. , fluid vocabulary every bit as bright as the blues that he started. "
Hendrix is ​​the recipient of several musical awards during his lifetime and posthumously. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker chose it as the Pop Musician of the Year, and in 1968, Rolling Stone declared it as Performer of the Year. Disc and Music Echo honored it with the Top Musician of the World in 1969 and in 1970, The Guitarist named him the Rock of the Year Guitarist. Jimi Hendrix Experience was crowned Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. Rolling Stone ranked three studio album bands, Are You Experienced >, Axis: Bold as Love , and Electric Ladyland , among the 100 greatest albums of all time, and they put Hendrix the greatest guitarist and sixth greatest artist of all time.
Video Jimi Hendrix
Ancestors and childhood
Jimi Hendrix has a diverse heritage. His paternal grandmother, Zenora "Nora" Rose Moore, is an African American and a quarter Cherokee. Hendrix's grandfather, Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix (born 1866), was born out of an extramarital relationship between a woman named Fanny, and grain merchant from Urbana, Ohio, or Illinois, one of the richest men in the area at the time. After Hendrix and Moore moved to Vancouver, Canada, had a son whom they named James Allen Ross Hendrix on June 10, 1919; the family called him "Al".
In 1941 after moving to Seattle, Al met Lucille Jeter (1925-1958) at a party; they married on March 31, 1942. Lucille's father (Jimi's maternal grandfather) was Preston Jeter (born 1875), whose mother was born in a state similar to Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix. Lucille's mother, nÃÆ' Â © e Clarice Lawson, has an African American ancestor and Cherokee. Al, who had been designed by the US Army to serve in World War II, was allowed to begin his basic training three days after the wedding. Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27, 1942, in Seattle; she was the first child of five Lucille children. In 1946, Johnny's parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor of Al and his brother Leon Marshall.
Placed in Alabama at the time of Hendrix's birth, Al was denied the standard military leave that soldiers gave for labor; his commander put him in a fortress to prevent him from going to AWOL to see his infant son in Seattle. He spent two months locked without trial, and while in the fortress received a telegram announcing the birth of his son. During his three year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son. When Al goes, Hendrix is ​​mostly treated by family members and friends, especially Lucille's sister, Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding. Al received the honorable release of the US Army on September 1, 1945. Two months later, unable to find Lucille, Al went to Berkeley, California, the home of a family friend named Mrs. Champ, who has looked after and has sought to adopt Hendrix; This is where Al sees his son for the first time.
After returning from service, Al reuns with Lucille, but his inability to find a permanent job keeps the poor family. They both struggle with alcohol, and often fight when drunk. Violence sometimes makes Hendrix retreat and hide in the closet in their home. His relationship with his brother Leon (born 1948) is close but precarious; with Leon in and out of foster care, they live with the threat of an almost constant fraternal separation. In addition to Leon, Hendrix has three younger brothers: Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy in 1950, and Pamela, 1951, all of whom Al and Lucille surrendered to cultivate care and adoption. Families often move, stay in cheap hotels and apartments around Seattle. Occasionally, family members will take Hendrix to Vancouver to live in his grandmother's house. A shy and sensitive child, he is deeply affected by his life experiences. In the years that followed, he told a boyfriend that he had been the victim of sexual abuse by a man in uniform. On December 17, 1951, when Hendrix was nine, his parents divorced; the court gave Al custody and Leon.
Maps Jimi Hendrix
First instrument
At Horace Mann Elementary School in Seattle during the mid-1950s, Hendrix's habit of bringing a broom with him to mimic the guitar became the concern of school social workers. After more than a year hugging him with a broom like a security blanket, he wrote a letter asking for a school fund intended for underprivileged children, insisting that leaving him without a guitar could result in psychological damage. His attempt failed, and Al refused to buy him a guitar.
In 1957, while assisting his father with a side job, Hendrix found the ukulele among the garbage they removed from the house of an older woman. He tells her that he can keep the instrument, which has only one string. Learning through the ears, he played a single note, following Elvis Presley's songs, especially Presley's cover of Leiber and Stoller's "Hound Dog". At the age of thirty-three, Hendrix Lucille's mother had developed cirrhosis of the liver, and on February 2, 1958, she died when the spleen ruptured. Al refuses to bring James and Leon to attend their mother's funeral; he instead gave them a shot of whiskey and instructed them that that's what men should do to deal with the loss. In 1958, Hendrix completed his studies at Washington Junior High School and began attending, but did not graduate from, Garfield High School.
In mid-1958, at the age of 15, Hendrix bought his first acoustic guitar for $ 5. He sincerely applied himself, played instruments for several hours each day, watched others and got tips from more experienced guitarists, and listened blues artists like Muddy Waters, BB King, Howlin 'Wolf, and Robert Johnson. The first song Hendrix learned how to play was "Peter Gunn", the theme of the television series of the same name. Around that time, Hendrix jammed with his childhood friend Sammy Drain and keyboard playing his brother. In 1959, while attending a concert by Hank Ballard & amp; Midnighters in Seattle, Hendrix meets group guitarist Billy Davis. Davis showed him some guitar licks and then gave him a short show with Midnighters. Both remained friends until Hendrix's death in 1970.
As soon as he acquired the acoustic guitar, Hendrix formed his first band, Velvetones. Without an electric guitar, he can hardly be heard above the sound of the group. After about three months, he realized that he needed an electric guitar to continue. In mid 1959, his father relented and bought him a white Supro Ozark. Hendrix's first show was with an unnamed band in Jaffe Room of Seattle's Temple De Hirsch Sinai, but after he showed off too much, the band fired him between sets. He then joined Kings Rocking, who played professionally in places like the Birdland club. When someone stole his guitar after he left it behind the stage last night, Al bought him a red Silvertone Danelectro.
Military services
Before Hendrix was 19 years old, law enforcement officers had twice caught him driving a stolen car. When given the choice between spending time in prison or joining the Army, he selected the last one and enrolled on May 31, 1961. After completing eight weeks of basic training at Fort Ord, California, he was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division and stationed at Fort Campbell , Kentucky. He arrived there on November 8, and soon after that he wrote a letter to his father: "Nothing but physical training and harassment here for two weeks, then when you go to jump school... you get hell. to death, fussing and fighting. "In his next letter, Hendrix, who had left his guitar at the house of his girlfriend Betty Jean Morgan in Seattle, asked his father to send him as soon as possible, stating:" I really need it now. " His father was obliged and sent a red Silvertone Danelectro where Hendrix had hand painted the words "Betty Jean" to Fort Campbell. His real obsession with the instrument contributed to the neglect of his duties, which caused verbal abuse and physical violence from his friends, who at least once hid the guitar from him until he begged to return.
In November 1961, his colleague Billy Cox walked through an army club and heard Hendrix play the guitar. Intrigued by the adept game, which he described as a combination of "John Lee Hooker and Beethoven", Cox borrowed a bass guitar and both stalled. Within a few weeks, they began performing at base clubs on weekends with other musicians in a loosely organized band called Casuals.
Hendrix completed his paratrooper training in just eight months, and Major General C.W.G. Rich gave him the prestigious Eagle Pricing nickname on January 11, 1962. In February, his personal behavior began to invite criticism from his superiors. They mark him as an unqualified sniper and often catch him napping while on duty and failing to report for bed checks. On May 24, Hendrix platoon sergeant James C. Spears filed a report in which he stated: "He has no interest in the Army... It is my opinion that Private Hendrix will never achieve the standards a soldier needs. felt that the military service would benefit if he was released immediately. "On June 29, 1962, Captain Gilbert Batchman gave Hendrix an honorable discharge on the basis of non-conformity. Hendrix then talked about his dislike of the soldiers and wrongly stated that he had received his medical return after breaking his ankle during a parachute jump 26.
Music career
Initial years
In September 1963, after Cox left the Army, he and Hendrix moved to Clarksville, Tennessee, and formed a band called Raja Kasuals. Hendrix has watched Butch Snipes play with his teeth in Seattle and now Alphonso 'Baby Boo' Young, another guitarist in the band, is doing this guitar gimmick. In order not to be defeated, Hendrix learned to play with his teeth. He then commented: "The idea of ​​doing that comes to me... in Tennessee, where you have to play with your teeth or you're shot, there's a trace of broken teeth all over the stage." Although they began playing low-paying performances in vague places, the band eventually moved to Jefferson Street in Nashville, which is the traditional heart of the city's black community and home to a fast-growing music rhythm and blues. They had a short residency to play in the popular city, Club del Morocco, and for the next two years Hendrix earned a living in a circuit across the South affiliated with Theater Owners 'Booking Association (TOBA), widely known as Chitlin Circuit'. In addition to playing in his own band, Hendrix appeared as a supporting musician for various soul musicians, R & amp; B, and blues, including Wilson Pickett, Slim Harpo, Sam Cooke, Ike & amp; Tina Turner and Jackie Wilson.
In January 1964, feeling he had transcended the circuit artistically, and frustrated at having to follow the rules of the bandleaders, Hendrix decided to explore on his own. He moved to Theresa Hotel in Harlem, where he befriended Lithofayne Pridgon, known as "Faye", who became his girlfriend. A genuine Harlem with connections throughout the area of ​​music in the area, Pridgon gave him shelter, support, and encouragement. Hendrix also meets twins Allen, Arthur and Albert. In February 1964, Hendrix won the first prize in the Apollo Theater amateur contest. Hoping for career opportunities, he played on the Harlem club circuit and sat down with various bands. On the recommendation of his former partner Joe Tex, Ronnie Isley gave Hendrix an audition that generated an offer to become a guitarist with back-up band Isley Brothers, I.B. Specials, which he is ready to accept.
First record
In March 1964, Hendrix recorded two pieces of the single "Testifying" with Isley Brothers. Released in June, failed to chart. In May, he provided a guitar instrumentation for Don Covay's song, "Mercy Mercy". Released in August by Rosemart Records and distributed by Atlantic, the track reached number 35 on the Billboard chart.
Hendrix toured with Isleys during 1964, but towards the end of October, after getting tired of playing the same set every night, he left the band. Shortly thereafter, Hendrix joined Little Richard's tour band, Upsetters. During his dismissal in Los Angeles in February 1965, he recorded his first single and the only one with Richard, "I Do not Know What You Got (But It Got Me)", written by Don Covay and released by Vee-Jay Records. Richard's popularity faded at the time, and the single peaked at number 92, where it remained for a week before retreating from the charts. Hendrix met singer Rosa Lee Brooks while living at the Wilcox Hotel in Hollywood, and she invited her to participate in a recording session for her single, which included Arthur Lee writing "My Diary" as the A-side, and "Utee" as the B-side. Hendrix plays the guitar on both tracks, which also includes Lee's vocal background. One failed to map, but Hendrix and Lee started a friendship that lasted several years; Hendrix later became a loyal supporter of Lee's band Love.
In July 1965, at Channel 5 Nashville Night Train , Hendrix made his first television appearance. Performances in the ensemble group Little Richard, he supports Buddy and Stacy's vocalist in "Shotgun". The video footage from the show marks the earliest recordings of the Hendrix show. Richard and Hendrix often quarreled about Hendrix's stage delay, clothing and antics, and by the end of July, Richard's brother Robert had fired him. He then briefly rejoined the Isley Brothers, and recorded a second single with them, "Move Over and Let Me Dance" backed by "Have You Ever Been Disappointed". Later that year, he joined the band R & amp; B based in New York, Curtis Knight and Squires, after meeting Knight in the hotel lobby where the two men were staying. Hendrix appeared with them for eight months. In October 1965, he and Knight recorded the single, "How Would You Feel" supported by "Welcome Home" and on October 15, Hendrix signed a three-year record deal with businessman Ed Chalpin. While his relationship with Chalpin was short-lived, his contract remained in effect, which later led to legal and career issues for Hendrix. During his time with Knight, Hendrix had a tour with Joey Dee and Starliters, and worked with King Curtis on recordings including Ray Sharpe's two parts, "Help Me". Hendrix earned his first composer credit for two instrumentalists, "Hornets Nest" and "Knock Yourself Out", released as Curtis Knight and Squires single in 1966.
Feeling limited by his experience as an R & D B sideman, Hendrix moved in 1966 to Greenwich Village in New York City, which has a dynamic and diverse musical scene. There, he was offered a place to stay at Cafe Wha? on MacDougal Street and formed his own band that June, Jimmy James and Blue Flames, which included future guitarist Roh Randy California. Blue Flames played in several clubs in New York and Hendrix began to develop the guitar style and materials that he would soon use with the Experience. In September, they gave some of their last concerts at Cafe au Go Go, as a support group of John Hammond Jr.
Jimi Hendrix's Experience
In May 1966, Hendrix struggled to earn a decent wage playing R & amp; B, so he rejoined Curtis Knight and Squires for an engagement at one of New York's most popular nightspots, the Cheetah Club. During the show, Linda Keith, the boyfriend of Rolling Stones guitarist, Keith Richards, sees Hendrix. He remembered: "[His] playing amaze me". He invited her to join him for a drink; he accepted it and both became friends.
When he plays with Jimmy James and the Blue Flames, Keith recommends Hendrix to Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham and producer Seymour Stein. They failed to see Hendrix's musical potential, and rejected it. He then referred him to Chas Chandler, who left Animals and interested in managing and producing artists. Chandler saw Jimi Hendrix then unknown playing at Cafe Wha ?, Greenwich Village, New York City nightclub. Chandler loves Billy Roberts's song "Hey Joe", and believes he can make hit singles with the right artist. Impressed with Hendrix's version of the song, he took him to London on September 24, 1966, and signed it to a management and production contract with himself and former Animal manager Michael Jeffery. On September 24, Hendrix gave a spontaneous solo performance at The Scotch of St James, and later that night he started a relationship with Kathy Etchingham which lasted two and a half years.
Upon the arrival of Hendrix in London, Chandler began to recruit members for a band designed to highlight the talent of the guitarist, Jimi Hendrix Experience. Hendrix met guitarist Noel Redding in auditions for New Animals, where Redding's knowledge of blues development impressed Hendrix, who stated that he also liked Redding's hairstyle. Chandler asked Redding if he wanted to play a bass guitar in the band Hendrix; Redding agrees. Chandler then starts searching for the drummer and soon after, he calls Mitch Mitchell through a friend. Mitchell, who had just been fired from Georgie Fame and Blue Flames, participated in a joint exercise with Redding and Hendrix where they found common ground in their mutual interest in rhythm and blues. When Chandler calls Mitchell later to offer him the position, he is ready to accept it. Chandler also convinces Hendrix to change the spelling of his first name from Jimmy to an exotic look Jimi .
On October 1, 1966, Chandler took Hendrix to the London Polytechnic on Regent Street, where Cream was scheduled to perform, and where Hendrix and Eric Clapton met. Clapton then commented: "He asked if he could play some numbers I said, 'Of course', but I have a funny feeling about him." Halfway through the Cream set, Hendrix takes the stage and performs a frantic version of the Howlin 'Wolf "Killing Floor" song. In 1989, Clapton described the show: "He plays almost every style you think, and not in a flashy way.I mean he does some tricks, like playing with his teeth and behind his back, but not at all, and that's it.. He's gone, and my life is never the same again. "
UK success
In mid-October 1966, Chandler arranged an engagement to Experience as a supporting act of Johnny Hallyday during a brief French tour. Thus, the Jimi Hendrix Experience performed their first show on October 13, 1966, at Novelty in Evreux. They enthusiastically received a 15-minute show at the Olympia theater in Paris on October 18 marking the band's earliest recordings. In late October, Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp, managers of Who, signed the Experience to their newly formed label, Track Records, and the group recorded their first song, "Hey Joe", on October 23rd. "Stone Free", which was Hendrix's first songwriting effort after arriving in England, was recorded on November 2nd.
In mid-November, they performed at Bag O'Nails nightclub in London, with Clapton, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Jeff Beck, Pete Townshend, Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, and Kevin Ayers in attendance. Ayers describes the crowd's reaction to disbelief, "All the stars are there, and I hear serious comments, you know 'shit', 'Jesus', 'shit' and other words worse than that." The successful performance resulted in Hendrix's first interview, published in Record Mirror with the title: "Mr. Phenomenon". "Now listen to this... we predict that [Hendrix] will revolve around a business like a tornado", writes Bill Harry, who asks a rhetorical question: "Is it a full, big, swinging sound really created by only three people ? " Hendrix commented: "We do not want to be categorized in any category... If it has to have tags, I want it to be called, 'Feel Free' This is a mix of rock, freak-out, rave and blues. Through a distribution deal with Polydor Records, Experience's first single, "Hey Joe", powered by "Stone Free", was released on December 16, 1966. After an appearance on the British television show Ready Steady Go! and Top of the Pops , "Hey Joe" entered the UK charts on December 29th and reached number six. Further success came in March 1967 with the British number three hit "Purple Haze", and in May with "The Wind Cries Mary", which remained on the UK charts for eleven weeks, peaking at number six. On March 12, 1967, he performed at Troutbeck Hotel, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, where, after about 900 people appeared (the hotel was licensed to 250) local police stopped the show due to security concerns.
On March 31, 1967, while Experience waited to perform at the London Astoria, Hendrix and Chandler discussed ways in which they could increase the band's media exposure. When Chandler asked for advice from journalist Keith Altham, Altham suggested that they need to do something more dramatic than the stage show of the Who, involving smashing of instruments. Hendrix joked: "Maybe I can destroy the elephant", to which Altham replied: "Well, it's a shame you can not burn your guitar". Chandler then asks Gerry Stickells street manager to get a lighter fluid. During the show, Hendrix gave a very dynamic performance before arranging his guitar at the end of the 45 minute set. In the wake of the action, members of the London press labeled Hendrix "Black Elvis" and "Wild Man of Borneo".
Are you Experienced
After the success of the UK chart of their first two singles, "Hey Joe" and "Purple Haze", Experience began assembling material for a full-length LP. Records started at De Lane Lea Studios and then moved to the prestigious Olympic Studios. The album, Are You Experienced , features a diversity of musical styles, including blues songs like "Red House" and "Highway Chile", and R & B "Remember". It also includes an experimental science fiction section, the "Third Stone of the Sun" and the post-modern soundscapes of the title track, with guitar and rear drums that stand out. "I Do not Live Today" serves as a medium for improvisation of Hendrix guitar feedback and "Fire" driven by Mitchell drums.
Released in England on May 12, 1967, Are You Experienced spent 33 weeks on the charts, peaking at number two. It was prevented from reaching the top spot by The Beatles' Sgt. Lost Pepper Club Band. On June 4, 1967, Hendrix opened a performance at the Saville Theater in London with the song Sgt. Pepper song title, released only three days earlier. Beatles manager Brian Epstein had Saville at the time, and George Harrison and Paul McCartney attended the show. McCartney describes the moment: "The curtain flew back and he came walking forward playing the 'Sergeant Lada' That was a pretty big compliment in anyone's book I put it as one of my greatest honors in my career." Released in the US on August 23 by Reprise Records, Are You Experienced reached number five on Billboard 200.
In 1989, Noe Goldwasser, founding editor of Guitar World magazine, described You Are Experienced as an album that rocked the world... leaving it forever changed. In 2005, Rolling Stone called "the tremendous debut" of LP Hendrix's platinum album, and they ranked the 15th greatest album of all time, recorded "exploitation of the howl", and characterized the guitar playing. as "the historic... burner itself".
Monterey Pop Festival
Although popular in Europe at the time, the first US single, "Hey Joe", failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart after it was released on May 1, 1967. Group luck increased when McCartney recommended them to the organizers of the Monterey Pop Festival. He insisted that the show would be incomplete without Hendrix, whom he calls "absolute ace on the guitar", and he agreed to join the board on the condition that Experience performed at the festival in mid-June.
Introduced by Brian Jones as "the most exciting player he has ever heard", Hendrix opens with the quick setting of Howlin 'Wolf "Killing Floor", wearing what the author described by Keith Shadwick as "exotic outfits displayed elsewhere.. "Shadwick writes:" [Hendrix] is not just something completely new musically, but a completely original vision of how a black entertainer should and can look like. " The experience continued with the song "Hey Joe", BB King's "Rock Me Baby", "Thing The Wild" Chip Taylor, and Bob Dylan's Sean Rolling Stone, as well as four original compositions: "Foxy Lady", "Can You See Me "," The Wind Cries Mary ", and" Purple Haze ". Set ends with Hendrix destroying his guitar and throwing the pieces into the audience. Rolling Stone Alex Vadukul writes:
When Jimi Hendrix burned his guitar at the 1967 Pop Festival, he created one of the most perfect moments of rock. Standing in the front row of the concert was a 17-year-old boy named Ed Caraeff. Caraeff had never seen Hendrix before or heard the music, but he had a camera with him and there was one shot left on his roll. When Hendrix turned on his guitar, Caraeff took the last picture. It will be one of the most famous images in rock and roll.
Caraeff stands in a chair beside the edge of the stage while taking a series of four Hendrix monochrome images that burn his guitar. Caraeff is pretty close to the fire so he has to use his camera as a shield to protect his face from the heat. Rolling Stone then colored the picture, matching it with another photo taken at the festival before using a shot for the 1987 magazine cover. According to author Gail Buckland, the fourth and final frame of "Hendrix kneels in front of the burning guitar, the hand is lifted , is one of the most famous images on the rock. " Author and historian Matthew C. Whitaker wrote: "Hendrix's burned his guitar into iconic images in rock history and brought him national attention." The Los Angeles Times confirmed that, after leaving the stage, Hendrix "passed from rumor to legend". Author John McDermott commented: "Hendrix left the Monterey audience stunned and did not believe in what they just heard and saw." According to Hendrix: "I decided to smash my guitar at the end of the song as a sacrifice.You sacrifice the things you love.I love my guitar." The show was filmed by D. A. Pennebaker, and later included in the Monterey Pop concert documentary, which helped Hendrix gain popularity with the US public.
Immediately after the festival, the Experience was booked for a series of five concerts at Fillmore Bill Graham, with Big Brother and Holding Company and Jefferson Airplane. The experience surpassed Jefferson Airplane for the first two nights, and replaced it at the top of the bill on the fifth. After the introduction of their successful West Coast, which included a free open concert at Golden Gate Park and a concert at Whiskey a Go Go, the Experience was booked as the opening act for the first American tour of Monkees. They asked Hendrix as a supporter because they were fans, but their young audience did not like the Experience, which left the tour after six performances. Chandler later admitted that he engineered the tour in an attempt to gain publicity for Hendrix.
Axis: Bold as Love
The second Experience album, Axis: Bold as Love , opens with the song "EXP", which utilizes microponic and harmonic feedback in a creative new way. It also features an experimental stereo panning effect in which the sound coming from the Hendrix guitar moves through the stereo image, spinning around the listener. This work reflects his growing interest in science fiction and outer space. He composed the album's title track and finale around two verses and two choruses, where he paired emotions with personas, comparing them to colors. The coda of this song features the first recording of the stereo phase. Shadwick describes the composition as "perhaps the most ambitious part of the Axis , the extraordinary metaphor of the lyrics that show the growing confidence" in Hendrix's songwriting. His guitar playing throughout the song is characterized by chordal arpeggios and kontrapungal movements, with a tremolo-pick partial chord providing a musical foundation for the chorus, culminating in the so-called Aledort musician Andy Aledort as "just one of the greatest electric guitar solos ever played". The trail faded on a thirty-second double disc pulled by a tremolo.
The release date scheduled for Axis was almost delayed when Hendrix lost the master ribbon from one side of the LP, leaving it in the backseat of a London taxi. With a shadowing deadline, Hendrix, Chandler, and engineer Eddie Kramer re-mixed most of the one side in a single session last night, but they could not match the quality of the missing mix of "If 6 Is 9". Bassist Noel Redding has a recording of this mixture, which must be smoothed with iron because it is wrinkled. During the verses, Hendrix doubled his singing with the guitar line he played an octave lower than his vocals. Hendrix voiced his disappointment for re-mixing the album so quickly, and he felt that it could be better if they were given more time.
Axis features a psychedelic cover depicting Hendrix and Experience as various avatars of Vishnu, combining their paintings by Roger Law, from portraits by Karl Ferris. The painting was then superimposed on copies of mass-produced religious posters. Hendrix stated that the cover, which Track spent $ 5,000 on production, would be more appropriate if it highlights his American Indian heritage. He commented: "You're wrong... I'm not that kind of Indian." Track released an album in England on December 1, 1967, where it peaked at number five, spending 16 weeks on the charts. In February 1968, Axis: Bold as Love reached number three in the US.
While writer and journalist Richie Unterberger describes Axis as the most unimpressive Experience album, according to author Peter Doggett, the release "touted a new subtlety in Hendrix's work". Mitchell commented: " Axis is the first time that it becomes clear that Jimi is good enough to work behind mixing boards, as well as playing, and has some positive ideas about how he wants things recorded. the start of a potential conflict between him and Chas in the studio. "
Electricity
The recording for the third and final studio album of the Electric Ladyland , begins in the recently opened Record Plant Studio, with Chandler as producer and engineer Eddie Kramer and Gary Kellgren. As the session progressed, Chandler became increasingly frustrated with Hendrix's perfectionism and his demands for repeated retrieval. Hendrix also allowed many friends and guests to join them in the studio, which contributed to the chaotic and crowded environment of the control room and caused Chandler to break his professional relationship with Hendrix. Redding then recalled: "There are a lot of people in the studio, you can not move, it's a party, not a session." Redding, who had formed his own band in mid-1968, Fat Mattress, found it increasingly difficult to fulfill his commitment to the Experience, so Hendrix played many bass parts in Electric Ladyland. The album cover stated that it was "produced and directed by Jimi Hendrix".
During the recording session of the Electric Ladyland, Hendrix began experimenting with a combination of other musicians, including Jack Airman's Jefferson Airplane and Steve Winwood from Traffic, who played bass and orgs, respectively, at least 15 minutes later. , "Voodoo Chile". During album production, Hendrix appeared in impromptu jam with B.B. King, Al Kooper, and Elvin Bishop. Electric Ladyland was released on October 25, and by mid-November had reached number one in the US, spending two weeks in the top spot. The double LP is Hendrix's most commercially successful release and the only number one album. It peaked at number six in the UK, spending 12 weeks on the charts. Electric Ladyland including Hendrix's cover of Bob Dylan's song, "All Along the Watchtower", which became Hendrix's best-selling single and his only AS 40 hit top, peaked at number 20; the number reaches number five in the UK. "Burning of the Midnight Lamp", which was his first recorded song to feature the use of wah-wah pedal, was added to the album. It was originally released as its fourth single in the UK in August 1967 and reached number 18 on the charts.
In 1989, Noe Goldwasser, founding editor of Guitar World magazine, described Electric Ladyland as Hendrix's work. According to author Michael Heatley, "most critics agree" that the album is "a full realization of Jimi's far-reaching ambitions." In 2004, author Peter Doggett commented: "For pure experimental genius, melodic talent, conceptual vision and instrumental intelligence, Electric Ladyland remains a major contender for the biggest rock album status." Doggett describes the LP as "the display of musical skill that was never surpassed by any rock musician."
Rupture of Experience
In January 1969, after a hiatus of more than six months, Hendrix briefly moved back to his girlfriend's Brook Street apartment, Kathy Etchingham, adjacent to the Handel House Museum in West End of London. During this time, Experience toured Scandinavia, Germany, and gave their last two shows in France. On February 18 and 24, they played a sold-out concert at Royal Albert Hall London, which is the last European appearance of this lineup.
In February 1969, Redding was tired of Hendrix's unpredictable work ethic and creative control over the music of the Experience. During the European tour the previous month, interpersonal relationships within the group have worsened, especially between Hendrix and Redding. In his diary Redding documented the building's disappointment during the early 1969 recording sessions: "On the first day, as I anticipated, nothing was done... At that time there was no performance at all.I went to the pub for three days, hour, back, and that's still centuries before Jimi comes in. Then we argue... On the last day, I just watched it for a while, then returned to my apartment. "Recent Redding Sessions -" Stone Free "recording for use as a possible single release - took place on April 14 at Olmstead and Recording Factory in New York. Hendrix then flies Billy Cox bassist to New York; they began recording and training together on 21 April.
The final performance of the lineup The original experience took place on June 29, 1969, at Barry Fey's Denver Pop Festival, a three-day event held at the Denver Mile High Stadium marked by police using tear gas to control the audience. The band escaped from the spot behind the rental truck, which was partially destroyed by fans who boarded the vehicle. Before the show, a reporter angered Redding by asking why he was there; the reporter then told him that two weeks earlier Hendrix announced that he had been replaced with Billy Cox. The next day, Redding quits from Experience and returns to London. He announced that he had left the band and intend to pursue a solo career, blaming Hendrix's plans to expand the group without allowing his input as the main reason to leave. Redding then commented: "Mitch and I hang out together, but we're English, and if we go out, Jimi will stay in his room, but all the bad feelings come from us, three people who travel too hard, too tired and eat too much medicine... I like Hendrix, I do not like Mitchell. "
Soon after Redding's departure, Hendrix began staying in an 8-bedroom Dormitory House, in the hamlet of Boiceville near Woodstock in New York, where he spent his vacation in mid-1969. Manager Michael Jeffery arranged accommodation in the hope that the break could encourage Hendrix to write material for new album. During this time, Mitchell was not available for the commitment made by Jeffery, which included Hendrix's first appearance on US TV - at The Dick Cavett Show - where he was supported by studio orchestras, and appearances in The Tonight Show where he appeared with Cox and drummer Ed Shaughnessy's session.
Woodstock
In 1969, Hendrix was the highest-paid rock musician in the world. In August, he became the title of Woodstock Music and Art Fair which included many of the most popular bands at the time. For the concert, he added rhythm guitarist Larry Lee and conga player Juma Sultan and Jerry Velez. The band practiced for less than two weeks before the show, and according to Mitchell, they never connected in music. Before arriving at the engagement, Hendrix heard reports that the size of the audience had evolved into epic proportions, which made him concerned because he did not enjoy performing for the big crowd. He drew raffles for the event, and although he received less money for appearances than his usual expenses, he was the highest paid artist at the festival. Since the late-night time slot on Sunday was getting closer, he indicated that he preferred to wait and close the show in the morning; the band took the stage around 8:00 am on a Monday. At the time of their set, Hendrix had been up for more than three days. The audience, which peaked at about 400,000 people, is now reduced to 30-40,000, many of whom have been waiting to see Hendrix glance before leaving during his performance. The MC festival, Monck Chip, introduced the group as Jimi Hendrix Experience, but Hendrix clarified: "We decided to change everything and call it Gypsy Sun and Rainbows . other than Band of Gypsys ".
Hendrix's appearance featured a rendition of the US national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", where he used a lot of amplifier feedback, distortion, and defend to replicate sounds created by rockets and bombs. Although contemporary political scholars describe his interpretation as a statement to the Vietnam War, three weeks later Hendrix explained the meaning: "We are all Americans... it's like 'Go America!'... Ã, We play it the way air exists in America today.It's a bit static air, see ". Taken in a 1970 documentary film, Woodstock , his guitar-driven version will be part of the Zeitgeist of the sixties. Pop critic Al Aronowitz of the New York Post wrote: "This is Woodstock's most thrilling moment, and it's probably the greatest moment of the sixties." The show pictures showing Hendrix wearing white leather jackets with fringes, red head scarves, and blue jeans are widely regarded as iconic images that captured the undefined moments of the era. He plays "Hey Joe" during the encore, ending the 3 ½ day festival. After leaving the stage, he collapsed from exhaustion. In 2011, the Guitar World editor put his "The Star-Spangled Banner" in Woodstock ranked one in the list of 100 of his best performances.
Band of Gypsys
A legal dispute came in 1966 regarding a recording contract that Hendrix had entered into the previous year with producer Ed Chalpin. After two years of litigation, the parties approved a resolution that gave Chalpin the distribution rights to the original Hendrix material album. Hendrix decides that they will record LP, Band of Gypsys, during two live performances. In preparation for the show, he formed a trio of all-black powers with Cox and drummer Buddy Miles, previously with Wilson Pickett, Electric Flag, and Buddy Miles Express. Critics John Rockwell describes Hendrix and Miles as jazz-rock fusionists, and their collaboration as a pioneer. Others identify the influence of funk and soul in their music. Concert promoter Bill Graham called the show "the most brilliant and emotional show of a virtuoso electric guitar" he had ever heard. Biographers speculate that Hendrix formed the band in an attempt to calm members of the Black Power movement and others in the black community who called for him to use his fame to speak about civil rights.
Hendrix has been recording with Cox since April and jamming with Miles since September, and the trio write and practice their material in a series of four shows for two nights on December 31 and January 1, at Fillmore East. They used recordings from this concert to assemble LP, produced by Hendrix. The album included the song "Machine Gun", called by music expert Andy Aledort as the pinnacle of Hendrix's career, and "the first example of his unparalleled genius as a rock guitarist... In this show, Jimi transcends the rock music medium, and sets the same standard once new to the potential of the electric guitar. "During the instrumental break of this song, Hendrix created a voice with his guitar that sonically represents war, including rockets, bombs and diving planes.
The Band of Gypsys album is the only official Hendrix LP concert available commercially in its lifetime; some songs from Woodstock and Monterey's show were released later that year. The album was released in April 1970 by Capitol Records; reached the top ten both in the US and UK. In the same month, one was issued with "Stepping Stone" as the A-side and "Izabella" as the B-side, but Hendrix was dissatisfied with the mastery quality and he demanded that he be drawn and re-mixed, preventing songs from charting and producing Hendrix's most successful single; it was also the last for him.
On January 28, 1970, the appearance of the third and last Gypsys Band took place; they performed during a music festival at Madison Square Garden in favor of the Anti-Vietnam War Moratorium Committee entitled "The Winter Festival for Peace". American blues guitarist, Johnny Winter, was backstage before the concert; he remembers: "[Hendrix] comes with his head bowed, sitting on the sofa alone, and putting his head in his hands... He does not move until it is time for the show." A few minutes after going up to the stage, he gave a vulgar response to a woman who had shouted for "Fox Women". He then started playing "Earth Blues" before telling the audience: "That's what happens when the earth lurks with space". Moments later, he briefly sat down on the riser drum before leaving the stage. Both Miles and Redding later stated that Jeffery had given Hendrix LSD before the show. Miles believes that Jeffery gave Hendrix drugs in an effort to sabotage the band at this time and bring back the ranks of the original Experience. Jeffery fired Miles after the show and Cox stopped, ending the Band of Gypsys.
Cry of Love Tour
Soon after the Band of Gypsys appearance that suddenly ended and their subsequent dissolution, Jeffery made arrangements to reunite the original Experience lineup. Although Hendrix, Mitchell, and Redding were interviewed by Rolling Stone in February 1970 as a joint group, Hendrix never intended to work with Redding. When Redding returns to New York to anticipate training with the Rebuilt Experience, he is told that he has been replaced with Cox. During the interview with Keith Altham's Rolling Stone , Hendrix defended the decision: "It's not personal to fight Noel, but we've done what we did with the Experience and Billy's style to play accordingly with a better new group. "Although Hendrix, Mitchell and Cox's lineup is known as the Cry of Love band, after the accompanying tour, bills, advertisements, and tickets are printed with New Jimi Hendrix Experience or sometimes just Jimi Hendrix.
During the first half of 1970, Hendrix sporadically worked on the material for what would become the next LP. Many of the songs were posthumously released in 1971 as The Cry of Love . He began writing songs for the album in 1968, but in April 1970 he told Keith Altham that the project had been abandoned. Soon afterwards, he and his band took a break from recording and embarked on a Cry of Love tour at L.A. Forum, appearing for 20,000 people. The set-list during the tour includes many more Experience tracks as well as newer material choices. Several performances were recorded, and they produced some of Hendrix's most memorable live performances. On one of them, the second Atlanta International Pop Festival, on July 4, he played for America's biggest audience in his career. According to writers Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz, as many as 500,000 people attended the concert. On July 17, they appeared at the New York Pop Festival; Hendrix once again consumed too much medicine before the show, and the set was considered a disaster. The American leg of the tour, which included 32 performances, ended in Honolulu, Hawaii, on August 1, 1970. This will be Hendrix's last concert appearance in the US.
Electric motor> Electric Lady Studios
In 1968, Hendrix and Jeffery jointly invested in purchasing Generation Club in Greenwich Village. They originally planned to reopen the establishment, but after the audit revealed that Hendrix had incurred a very high cost with a block-booking long session at the top level, they decided that the building would be better served them as a recording studio. With his own facilities, Hendrix can work as much as he wants while also reducing his recording expenses, which has reached $ 300,000 per year. Architects and acoustics John Storyk designed Electric Lady Studios for Hendrix, who requested that they avoid the proper angle if possible. With round windows, ambient lighting machines, and psychedelic mural, Storyk wants the studio to have a relaxed environment that will encourage Hendrix creativity. This project takes twice as long as planned and costs twice as Hendrix and Jeffery have budgeted, with their total investment estimated at $ 1 million.
Hendrix first used Electric Lady on June 15, 1970, when he jammed with Steve Winwood and Chris Wood of Traffic; The next day, he recorded his first song there, "Night Bird Flying". The studio was officially opened for business on August 25, and the opening party was held the next day. Soon afterwards, Hendrix left for England; he never returned to America. He boarded an Air India plane for London with Cox, joining Mitchell for the show as the main action of the Isle of Wight Festival.
European Tour
When the European of the Cry of Love tour began, Hendrix missed his new studio and creative outlet, and was not eager to fulfill his commitment. On September 2, 1970, he left the show in Aarhus after three songs, stating: "I am dead long". Four days later, he gave his last concert performance, at the Isle of Fehmarn Festival in Germany. He meets scornful and mocking from fans in response to the canceled show scheduled for the end of the previous night's bills due to heavy rain and the risk of electric shock. Immediately after the festival, Hendrix, Mitchell, and Cox traveled to London.
Three days after the show, Cox, who suffers from severe paranoia after taking LSD or is given unnoticed, gets out of the tour and goes to live with his parents in Pennsylvania. Within days of Hendrix's arrival in England, he had spoken with Chas Chandler, Alan Douglas, and the other about leaving his manager, Michael Jeffery. On September 16, Hendrix appeared publicly for the last time during an informal hour at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in Soho with Eric Burdon and his latest band, War. They started by playing some of their last hits, and after a short break Hendrix joined them during "Mother Earth" and "Tobacco Road". His appearance was unusual; he quietly plays the guitar, and refrains from the histrionic that people expect from him. He died less than 48 hours later.
Drugs and alcohol
In July 1962, after Hendrix left the US Army, he entered a small club in Clarksville, Tennessee. Attracted by the live music, he stops to drink and ends up spending the most of the $ 400 he has saved. He explains: "I'm in this jazz and drinking, I love it and I stay.people say that I'm sometimes stupid, sometimes it's good.However, I think I feel really good that day. must have handed out the bill to anyone who asked me.I'm out of that place with sixteen dollars left. "According to the authors Steven Roby and Brad Schreiber:" Alcohol will later be a whip of its existence, encouraging him to feel annoyed, even rare bursts of cruelty, physical violence. "
While Roby and Schreiber confirmed that Hendrix first used LSD when he met Linda Keith in late 1966, according to writers Harry Shapiro and Caesar Glebbeek, the earliest that Hendrix was known to have picked up in June 1967, while attending the Monterey Pop Festival.. According to biographer Hendrix Charles Cross, the subject of the drug appeared one night in 1966 at Keith New York's apartment; when one of Keith's friends offered Hendrix acid, the path name for lysergic acid diethylamide, Hendrix called for LSD instead, showing what Cross described as "naivete and full experience with psychedelics". Prior to that, Hendrix only used drugs sporadically, with his experiments limited to marijuana, marijuana, amphetamines, and sometimes cocaine. After 1967, he regularly smoked hashish and marijuana, and used LSD and amphetamines, especially during the tour. According to Cross, at the time of his death in September 1970, "some stars are closely related to the drug culture as Jimi".
Substance abuse and violence
Hendrix often becomes angry and abusive when drinking too much alcohol or when he mixes alcohol with drugs. His friend Herbie Worthington explains: "You would not expect someone with such love to be violent... He just could not drink... he just turned into a bastard". According to journalist and friend Sharon Lawrence, Hendrix "admits he can not handle the liquor, which triggers bottle rage, his destructive anger is almost never shown otherwise".
In January 1968, the experience traveled to Sweden for a one-week tour to Europe. During the early hours of the morning of the first day, Hendrix became involved in a drunken fight at the Opalen Hotel, in Gothenburg, smashing glass windows and injuring his right hand, which he received medical treatment. The incident culminated in his arrest and release, pending court appearances that resulted in large fines.
After the 1969 house theft, Hendrix rented in Benedict Canyon, California, and when he was under the influence of drugs and alcohol, he beat his friend Paul Caruso and accused him of theft. He then chases Caruso from his residence while throwing stones at him. A few days later, one of Hendrix's boyfriends, Carmen Borrero, needed stitches after he hit her over his eyes with a bottle of vodka during a drunken, jealous rage.
Canadian drug bills and trials
On May 3, 1969, when Hendrix passed customs at Toronto International Airport, authorities arrested him after finding a small amount of what they suspected of being heroin and marijuana in his suitcase. Four hours later, he was formally charged with possession of illegal drugs and released on bail of $ 10,000. He was asked to return on May 5 for trial indictment. The incident proved to be stressful for Hendrix, and it weighed heavily on his mind for seven months that he was awaiting trial, which occurred in December of that year. In order for the Crown to prove its ownership, they must show that Hendrix knew the drugs were there. During the jury he testified that a fan had given him a bottle of medicine which he thought was legal medicine, which he put in his bag without knowing what was in it. He was released from charges. Mitchell and Redding later revealed that everyone had been warned about a drug planned the day before flying to Toronto; the two men also stated that they believed that drugs had been planted in Hendrix's bag without her knowledge.
Death, post-mortem, and funeral
Although the details of the last day and Hendrix's death are widely debated, he spent much of September 17, 1970, in London with Monika Dannemann, his sole witness until his final hour. Dannemann said that he prepared food for them in his apartment at Samarkand Hotel, 22 Lansdowne Crescent, Notting Hill, around 11 pm when they shared a bottle of wine. He drove Hendrix to an acquaintance's residence around 1:45 pm, where he stayed for about an hour before he picked him up and drove them back to his flat at 3 am. Dannemann said they talked until about 7 am, when they went to bed. She awakens around 11 am, and finds Hendrix breathing, but unconscious and unresponsive. He asked for an ambulance at 11:18 am, which arrived at the location at 11:27 a.m. The paramedics then transferred Hendrix to St. Mary Abbot's Hospital where Dr. John Bannister announced he died at 12:45. on September 18, 1970.
To determine the cause of death, coroner Gavin Thurston ordered a post-mortem examination on Hendrix's body, conducted on Sept. 21 by Professor Robert Donald Teare, a forensic pathologist. Thurston completed his examination on September 28, and concluded that Hendrix aspired his own vomit and died of asphyxia while drunk with barbiturates. Citing "insufficient evidence of circumstances", he declared the verdict open. Dannemann later revealed that Hendrix had taken nine prescribed Vesparax sleep tablets, 18 times the recommended dosage.
After Hendrix's body was embalmed by Desmond Henley, he was flown to Seattle, Washington, on September 29, 1970. After a service at Dunlap Baptist Church at Rainier Valley in Seattle on October 1, he was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Renton, Washington, the site of his mother's grave. Family and friends Hendrix traveled in twenty-four limousines and over two hundred people attended the funeral, including some famous musicians such as members of Original Experiences Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding, as well as Miles Davis, John Hammond, and Johnny Winter.
In 1967, when Hendrix became popular, many of his pre-recorded recordings were marketed to an unsuspecting public as Jimi Hendrix's album, sometimes with a misleading Hendrix image. The recording, which was under the control of producer Ed Chalpin of PPX, with whom Hendrix had signed a recording contract in 1965, was often re-mixed between their reissues, and licensed to record companies such as Decca and Capitol. Hendrix publicly denounced this release, described it as "evil" and "very low", stating: "At PPX, we spent an average of about an hour recording songs Today I spent at least twelve hours on each song. This unauthorized release has long been an important part of its record catalog, which amounts to hundreds of albums.
Some unfinished material Hendrix was released as the 1971 title The Cry of Love . Although the album reached number three in the US and number two in the UK, producers Mitchell and Kramer later complained that they could not use all the songs available because some songs were used for 1971's Rainbow Bridge ; others were issued in 1972 War Heroes . The material from The Cry of Love was re-released in 1997 as the First Rays of New Rising Sun, along with other songs Mitchell and Kramer wanted to include.
In 1993, MCA Records delayed Hendrix's multi-million dollar copyright sale because Al Hendrix was unhappy with the arrangement. He admitted that he had sold the distribution rights to a foreign company in 1974, but stated that it did not include copyright and argued that he had retained the veto right from the sale of the catalog. Under a settlement reached in July 1995, Al Hendrix won in his legal battle and regained control of his son's song and figure rights. He subsequently licensed the recording to the MCA through the family-run Experience Hendrix LLC company, formed in 1995. In August 2009, Hendrix's Experience
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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