Maryland ( US: Ã, ( listen "English respelling pronunciation"> MERR -? l-? nd ) is a state in Mid- Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, DC to the south and west; Pennsylvania to the north; and Delaware to the east. The largest city in the state is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among his sometimes nicknames are Old Line State , Free State , and Chesapeake Bay State . The country is named after the queen of England Henrietta Maria of France.
One of the original Thirteen Colonies, Maryland is considered the birthplace of religious freedom in America. The country was founded by George Calvert, a trusted foreign minister and personal friend of King James I. When Calvert entered Catholicism in 1625 it meant disqualification from holding public office, but his friendship with King James remained. Calvert had an early interest in the administration of colonial affairs and petitioned James for a charter to provide a religious paradise for the persecuted Catholics in England and to expand the territory of the British Empire. As a result, in 1632 James gave Calvert a charter to complete the land in America held by the Crown, to: "transport... many Colonies of the English Nation" to settle there. Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans, who began to establish conformity with their beliefs as soon as they settled in America, Calvert envisioned a colony in which people from different religious sects would co-exist under the principle of tolerance. Some historians believe that Calvert's aspirations to such a society may be inspired by the work of Thomas More, especially the book Utopia. Thus, in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed a Law on Religion, which perpetuates the principle of tolerance by punishing anyone who "denounces" fellow Maryland as "heritick, Scismatick, Idolator, Puritan, Independant, prespiterian popish perst, Jesuite, Jesuited papist , Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Roundhead [or] Separatist. "
Sixteen of the twenty-three territories of Maryland border the tide of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries, which combine a total of more than 4,000 miles from the shoreline. Its population is about six million inhabitants. By 2015, Maryland has the highest average household income in any state, largely because it is close to the nation's capital and a highly diversified economy that includes manufacturing, services and biotechnology.
Video Maryland
Geography
Maryland has an area of ​​12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km 2 ) and is comparable in the overall area with Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km 2 )). It is the 42nd smallest and smallest 9th country and has the closest size to the state of Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km 2 )), the next smallest country. The next largest state, its neighbor, West Virginia, is nearly twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km 2 )).
Description
Maryland has various topographies within its boundaries, contributing to its nickname of
Maryland is bordered on the north by Pennsylvania, on the west by West Virginia, to the east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, and in the south, across the Potomac River, by West Virginia and Virginia. The central part of this border is disrupted by Washington, D.C., located on land which was originally part of Montgomery and Prince George districts and included the city of Georgetown, Maryland. This land was submitted to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia. (The Commonwealth of Virginia gave land south of the Potomac, including the city of Alexandria, Virginia, but Virginia suffered a setback in 1846). Chesapeake Bay virtually divides the two states and districts east of the bay known collectively as the East Coast .
Most of the state aqueducts are part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, with the exception of a small portion of extreme west Garrett County (drained by the Youghiogheny River as part of the Mississippi River stream), eastern Worcester County (which flows into the Atlantic coast of the Atlantic coast of Maryland) , and a fraction of the northeastern corner of the state (which flows into the Delaware River watershed). So striking is the Chesapeake in the geography and economic life of Maryland that has undergone periodic agitation to change the state's official nickname to the "Gulf State", a nickname that has been used by Massachusetts for decades.
The highest point in Maryland, with a height of 3,360 feet (1,020 m), is Hoye Crest at Backbone Mountain, in the southwest corner of Garrett County, near the border with West Virginia, and near the headwaters of the Northern Branch of the Potomac River. Close to the small town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state, there is 1.83 km (2.95 km) between its borders. This geographic curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest, bounded by the Mason-Dixon line in the north, and the Potomac River that leads north to south.
Portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographical areas. For example, the Delmarva Peninsula is comprised of the Eastern Shore county of Maryland, the entire state of Delaware, and two districts that make up Eastern Shore of Virginia, while Maryland's westernmost region is considered part of Appalachia. Most of the Baltimore-Washington corridor is located south of Piedmont on the Coastal Plain, though it crosses the border between the two regions.
Geology
Earthquakes in Maryland are rare and small due to the country's distance from the seismic zone/earthquake. The Virginia M5.8 earthquake in 2011 is felt to be moderate across Maryland. Buildings in the state are not well designed for earthquakes and can be damaged easily.
The lack of glacial history records for the scarcity of natural lakes of Maryland, but the often repeated claim that Maryland is the only country without an improper natural lake. Laurel Oxbow Lake is a 55-hectare natural lake over two hundred kilometers, two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. "Chews Lake" is a seven acre natural lake, two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are many artificial lakes, the largest of which is Deep Creek Lake, a reservoir in Garrett County in western Maryland.
Maryland has a shale formation that contains natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible.
Flora
As is typical of the state on the East Coast, Maryland's plant life is abundant and healthy. A good annual rainfall dose helps support many types of plants, including seagrasses and reeds on the smaller end of the spectrum to the giant Wye Oak, large examples of white oak trees, state trees, which can grow more than 70 feet (21 m) tall.
Central Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the Southeast Atlantic coastal plains, grow around the Chesapeake Bay and on the Delmarva Peninsula. Move to the west, a mixture of northeastern coastal forests and mixed southeast forests cover the central part of the country. The Appalachian Mountains in western Maryland is home to the Appalachian-Blue Ridge forest. This gave way to an Appalachian mixed mesophytic forest near the West Virginia border.
Many foreign species are cultivated in the state, some as ornamental plants, others as new species. These include myrtle crape, Italian fir, southern magnolia, oak trees living in warmer parts of the country, and even loud palm trees in the warmer central and eastern parts of the state. The USDA is planting a hardiness zone in the states of Zones 5 and 6 in the extreme western part of the state to Zone 7 in the center, and Zone 8 around the southern coast, bay area, and metropolitan section of Baltimore. Invasive plant species, such as kudzu, paradise trees, rising multiflora, and Japanese stiltgrass, inhibit the growth of plant life endemic. Maryland state flowers, black-eyed susan, grew abundantly in wildflower groups across the state.
Fauna
The country keeps large numbers of white-tailed deer, especially in the windy west and west of the country, and overpopulation can be a problem year after year. Mammals can be found ranging from the mountains in the west to the central regions and include black bears, bobcats, foxes, coyotes, raccoons, and beavers.
There is a rare wild (wild) wild population found on Assateague Island. They are believed to have come from horses that fled from the wreck. Every year during the last week of July, they are captured and paraded across shallow bays for sale in Chincoteague, Virginia, a conservation technique that ensures the small island is not ridden by horses. Their bangs and sales are popularized by children's books, Misty of Chincoteague.
The Chesapeake Bay Retriever race breeds specifically for water sports, hunting and searching and saving in the Chesapeake area. In 1878 the Chesapeake Bay Retriever was the first individual breed retriever recognized by the American Kennel Club. and later adopted by the University of Maryland, Baltimore County as their mascot.
The populations of Maryland reptiles and amphibians include diamond-based terrapine turtles, which were adopted as the University of Maryland's mascot, College Park. The state is part of the Baltimore oriole region, which is the country's official bird and the mascot of the MLB Baltimore Orioles team. In addition to oriole, 435 other bird species have been reported from Maryland.
The state insect is a butterfly checkerspot of Baltimore, though this is not common in Maryland because it is at the southern end of its range.
Environment
Maryland joined neighboring countries during the late 20th century to improve the health of the Chesapeake Bay. The aquatic life and seafood industry in the bay are threatened by development and by livestock manure and manure entering the bay.
In 2007, Forbes.com ranked Maryland as the fifth "Green" country in the country behind three Pacific and Vermont nations. Maryland ranks 40th in total national energy consumption, and manages toxic waste per capita less than all but six countries by 2005. In April 2007, Maryland joined the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) - a regional initiative established by all Northeastern states, Washington DC, and three Canadian provinces to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In March 2017, Maryland became the first country with proven gas reserves to ban fracking by passing legislation against it. Vermont has such a law, but there is no shale gas, and New York has such a ban, though it is made by an executive order.
Climate
Maryland has a variety of climates, due to local variations in altitude, proximity to water, and protection from colder weather due to decreased winds.
The eastern part of Maryland - which covers the cities of Ocean City, Salisbury, Annapolis, and Washington's southern and eastern suburbs, D.C. and Baltimore - located on the Atlantic Coast, with flat topography and sandy or muddy soil. This region has a humid subtropical climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfa ), with hot and damp summers, short winters, mild to cool; it fell below USDA Hardiness zone 8a.
The Piedmont region - which covers northern and western Baltimore, Westminster, Gaithersburg, Frederick, and Hagerstown - has average seasonal rainfall generally exceeding 20 inches (51 cm) and, as part of the USDA zone of Hardiness 7b and 7a, temperatures below 10 Â ° F (-12 Â ° C) is less frequent. From the Valley of Cumberland in the west, the climate began to transition into a humid continental climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfa ).
In western Maryland, higher altitudes of Allegany and Garrett districts - including the towns of Cumberland, Frostburg, and Oakland - show more characteristics of the moist continent zone, in part because of elevation. They fall under the USDA Hardiness zone 6b and below.
Rainfall in the state is characteristic of the East Coast. Annual rainfall ranges from 35 to 45 inches (890 to 1,140 mm) with more at higher altitudes. Almost every part of Maryland receives 3.5-4.5 inches (89-114 mm) per month of rain. Average annual snowfall varies from 9 inches (23 cm) in coastal areas to over 100 inches (250 cm) in the western mountains of the state.
Because of its location near the Atlantic Coast, Maryland is somewhat vulnerable to tropical cyclones, although Delmarva Peninsula and the outer edge of North Carolina provide a large buffer, so strikes from major storms (category 3 or above) are rare. More often, Maryland gets the remains of a tropical system that has come to the mainland and releases most of its energy. Maryland averages about 30-40 days of lightning storms a year, and averages about six tornadoes a year.
Maps Maryland
History
the 17th century
Maryland's first colonial settlementfirst colonial settlement
George Calvert, First Baltimore Lord (1579-1632), sought the charter from King Charles I for the area between Massachusetts to the north and Virginia to the south directly. After the first Baltimore Baltimore died in April 1632, the charter was given to his son, Cecilius Calvert, 2 Baron Baltimore (1605-1675), on June 20, 1632. Officially, the newly named "Maryland Colony" honored Henrietta. Mary of France, wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert originally proposed the name "Crescentia," the land of growth or improvement, but "the King proposed Terra Mariae [Mary Land], which was summed up and put into the bill."
The native capital of Maryland is St. Mary, on the north shore of the Potomac River, and the surrounding area, first established in the province, was first called Augusta Carolina, after the King, and later named St. Mary. Mary's County.
The first settler Lord Baltimore arrived at the new colony in March 1634, with his younger brother Leonard Calvert (1606-1647), as Governor of the first province of Maryland. They made their first permanent settlement in St. Mary in what is now St. Mary's County. They bought the site from the most important leader in the region, eager to trade. St. Mary's became the first capital of Maryland, and remained so for 60 years until 1695. More settlers soon followed. Their tobacco plants succeed and quickly make the new colony profitable. However, given the incidence of malaria, yellow and typhoid fever, life expectancy in Maryland is about 10 years less than in New England.
Persecution of Catholics
Maryland was founded for the purpose of providing religious tolerance to the Roman Catholic minority of England. Although Maryland is the most Catholic in the mainland British colonies, this religious group is still in a minority, comprising less than 10% of the total population.
In 1642, a number of Puritans left Virginia for Maryland and established Providence (now called Annapolis) on the west coast of the upper Chesapeake Bay. Disputes with merchants from Virginia over Kent Island at Chesapeake caused an armed conflict. In 1644 William Claiborne, a Puritan, captured Kent Island while his pro-parliamentary partner, Richard Ingle, took over St. Mary's. Both use religion as a tool to gain popular support. Two years from 1644-1646 that Claiborne and his Puritan colleagues took control were known as "The Plundering Time". They arrested the Jesuit priests, imprisoned them, then sent them back to England.
In 1646 Leonard Calvert returned with troops, reconquered St. Mary, and restore order. House of Delegates passed the Act on Religion in 1649 giving religious freedom to all Trinitarian Christians.
In 1650, the Puritans revolted against the government of ownership. "Protestants sweep Catholics out of the legislature... and religious disputes come back". The Puritans established a new government banning both Roman Catholicism and Anglicanism. The Puritan revolutionary government persecuted Maryland Catholics during his reign, known as "time of robbery". The mobs burned all the original Catholic churches in southern Maryland. The Puritan rule lasted until 1658 when the Calverts and Lord Baltimore families regained control of ownership and reinstated the Tolerance Act.
After Britain's "Great Revolution" in 1688, Maryland banned Catholicism. In 1704, the Maryland General Assembly banned Catholics from operating schools, restricting ownership of corporate property to impede religious orders from expanding or supporting themselves, and encouraging the conversion of Catholic children. The celebration of the Catholic sacrament was also officially restricted. This state continued until after the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Rich Catholics build chapels on their land to practice their religion in relative secrecy.
In the 18th century, priests and lay leaders declared the Jesuit-owned Maryland farm as private property and left this property and others to other faiths or laypeople to avoid legal restrictions on religious organizations - such as the Society of Jesus - owning property.
Border dispute (1681-1760)
The royal charter gave Maryland land north of the Potomac River to the 40th parallel. The problem arose when Charles II gave the charter to Pennsylvania. The grant set the southern border of Pennsylvania as synonymous with the northern border of Maryland, the 40th parallel. However, the grant shows that Charles II and William Penn assumed the 40th parallel would pass close to New Castle, Delaware when it fell north of Philadelphia, where Penn had chosen for its colony capital. Negotiations occurred after the problem was discovered in 1681.
The compromise proposed by Charles II in 1682 is underestimated by Penn receiving an additional grant from what is now Delaware. Penn successfully argued that the Maryland charter titled Lord Baltimore was only for unfinished lands, and the Dutch settlement in Delaware preceded its charter. The dispute remained unresolved for nearly a century, carried by the descendants of William Penn and Lord Baltimore - the Calverts, who controlled Maryland, and the Penn family, which controlled Pennsylvania.
The border dispute with Pennsylvania led to the Cresap War in the 1730s. Hostilities erupted in 1730 and increased in the first half of the decade, culminating in the deployment of military forces by Maryland in 1736 and by Pennsylvania in 1737. The armed conflict phase ended in May 1738 with the intervention of King George II, which forced the negotiations of a ceasefire. An interim agreement was established in 1732.
The negotiations continued until the final agreement was signed in 1760. The agreement defines the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania as the latitude now known as the Mason-Dixon line. The Maryland border with Delaware is based on the Transpeninsular Line and Twelve-Mile Circle around New Castle.
18th century
Most British colonizers arrived in Maryland as contract workers, and had to undergo several years as laborers to pay for their travel expenses. In the early years, the line between contract workers and African slaves or laborers was fluid, and white and black workers generally lived and worked together, and formed trade unions. Mixed race children born to white mothers are regarded as free by the principle of Partiter Sequel Vulrem, in which children take on the social status of their mother, a principle of slavery law adopted throughout the colony, following Virginia in 1662 During the colonial era, the family of colored people was formed most often by unions of white women and African men.
Many of the free black families migrate to Delaware, where land is cheaper. When the labor flows that were replaced to the colony declined with the increasing economic conditions in England, the farmers in Maryland imported thousands of slaves and the racial caste line. Economic growth and prosperity are based on forced labor, which is first devoted to tobacco production as a commodity crop.
Maryland was one of thirteen colonies who rebelled against British rule in the American Revolution. Toward the end of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), on 2 February 1781, Maryland became the last and the 13th state to approve the ratification of the Confederate and Eternal Union Articles, first proposed in 1776 and adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1778, States as a united, sovereign and national state. It also became the seventh state accepted by the Union after ratifying the new federal Constitution in 1788. In December 1790, Maryland donated the land chosen by the first President George Washington to the federal government for the formation of a new national capital of Washington, DC. provided along the northern coast of the Potomac River from Montgomery and Prince George districts, as well as from Fairfax County and Alexandria on the southern coast of Potomac in Virginia; however, the land donated by the Commonwealth of Virginia was later returned to the state by the District of Columbia retrocession in 1846.
19th century
Influenced by economic change, revolutionary ideals, and news by ministers, many planters in Maryland freed their slaves within 20 years after the Revolutionary War. In the Upper South the black free population increased from less than 1% before the war to 14% in 1810.
During the War of 1812, the British military sought to capture Baltimore, which was protected by Fort McHenry. During this bombardment the song "Star Spangled Banner" was written by Francis Scott Key; later adopted as the national anthem.
The National Road (US Hwy 40 today) was ratified in 1817 and ran from Baltimore to St. Louis. Louis - the first federal highway. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B & amp; O) is the first chartered train in the United States. It opened the first section of the line for regular operations in 1830 between Baltimore and Ellicott City, and in 1852 it became the first railroad to reach the Ohio River from the east coast.
Civil War
The state remained with the Union during the Civil War, largely due to its demographics and Federal interventions. The 1860 Census, held shortly before the outbreak of the civil war, shows that 49% of African Americans of Maryland are blacks free.
Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks suspended the state legislature, and to help ensure the election of new pro-union governors and legislatures, President Abraham Lincoln had a number of pro-slavery politicians arrested, including Baltimore Mayor George William Brown; suspending some civil liberties, including
In April 1861, federal units and state regiments were attacked as they marched through Baltimore, sparking the Baltimore unrest of 1861, the first bloodbath in the Civil War. Of the 115,000 people from Maryland who joined the military during the Civil War, 85,000, or 77%, joined the Union army, while the rest joined the Confederate Army. The biggest and most significant battle in the state was the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg. Despite the tactical draw, the battle is considered a strategic Union victory and turning point of the war.
After the war
The new state Constitution of 1864 abolished slavery and Maryland was first recognized as a "Free State" in that context. Following the passage of the constitutional amendment granting the right to vote for the liberated, in 1867 the state granted the vote to non-white men.
The Democrats quickly regained power in the state of the Republican Party. Democrats replaced the 1864 Constitution with the 1867 Constitution. Following the end of Reconstruction in 1877, Democrats drafted the ways of blacks, initially by physical intimidation and voter fraud, then by constitutional amendments and laws. Blacks and immigrants, however, rejected the Democratic Party's failure in the state. Maryland's blacksmith was part of a biracial Republican coalition elected to the state government in 1896-1904 and consisted of 20% of voters.
Compared to some other countries, blacks are better established before and after the civil war. Nearly half the black population was free before the war, and some had piled up possessions. Half of the population lives in the city. Literacy is very high among blacks and, as Democrats did to exclude them, the voting campaign helped reach the blacks and taught them how to fight. The white people did impose racial segregation in the Jim Crow public facility and law, which effectively survived the passage of federal civil rights laws in the mid-1960s.
Baltimore grew significantly during the Industrial Revolution, in large part due to its harbor and good railway connections, attracting European immigrant workers. Many manufacturing businesses were established in the Baltimore area after the Civil War. The Baltimore businessmen, including Johns Hopkins, Enoch Pratt, George Peabody, and Henry Walters, founded the famous municipal institutions that have their names, including universities, libraries, music schools, and art museums.
Cumberland was the second largest city in Maryland in the 19th century. The nearest supply of natural resources along with the railroad drives its growth into a large manufacturing center.
the 20th and 21st centuries
Beginning of the 20th Century
The Progressive Era at the end of the 20th and early 20th century brought political reform. In a series of laws passed between 1892 and 1908, the reformers worked for the state-issued standard ballot papers (not those distributed and marked by the parties); obtained a closed voting booth to prevent party workers from "assisting" voters; start the main elections to keep party leaders from picking candidates; and have registered candidates without party symbols, which do not encourage illiterate people to participate. These measures succeeded against lowly educated whites and blacks. Blacks reject such efforts, with voting groups conducting voter education. The blacks beat three attempts to deprive him of his rights, making alliances with immigrants against the various Democratic campaigns. The revoked bill of rights in 1905, 1907, and 1911 was rejected, largely due to black opposition. Blacks made up of 20% of voters and immigrants comprise 15%, and legislatures have difficulty drawing requirements against blacks that are not detrimental to immigrants either.
The Progressive Era also brings reforms in working conditions for the Maryland workforce. In 1902 the state regulates conditions in mining; illegal child labor under 12 years of age; compulsory school attendance; and pass the first state workers' compensation law. Workers' compensation laws were reversed in court, but re-assembled and finally passed in 1910.
The Great Baltimore Fire of 1904 burned for over 30 hours, destroying 1,526 buildings and stretching 70 city blocks. More than 1,231 firefighters work to start a fire.
With the entry of the country into World War I in 1917, new military bases like Camp Meade, Aberdeen Proving Ground, and Edgewood Arsenal were founded. Existing facilities, including Fort McHenry, are greatly expanded.
After Georgian Congressman William D. Upshaw criticized Maryland openly in 1923 for not passing the Prohibition law, Baltimore Sun's editor, Hamilton Owens coined the nickname "Free Country" for Maryland in that context, popularized by HL Mencken in a series of newspaper editorials.
Maryland's urban and rural communities had different experiences during the Great Depression. The "Army Bonus" marched through the country in 1932 on the way to Washington, D.C. Maryland instituted the first income tax in 1937 to generate income for schools and welfare. Baltimore was a major war production center during World War II. The biggest operations were Bethlehem Steel's Fairfield Yard, which built the Liberty ship; and Glenn Martin, aircraft manufacturer.
1950-present
Maryland experienced population growth after World War II, particularly in suburban Baltimore and Washington, D.C. Farming channels give way to residential communities like Columbia and Montgomery Village. At the same time, the Interstate Toll Road system is built around the state, especially the I-95 and Capital Beltway, changing travel patterns. In 1952 the eastern and western parts of Maryland were connected for the first time by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge, which replaced the nearest ferry service.
The region of Maryland underwent economic change after World War II. Heavy manufacturing declined in Baltimore. In the four western states of Maryland, industrial, rail, and coal mining are declining. At the lower East Coast, family farms are bought by big concerns and large scale poultry farms and vegetable farming are becoming prevalent. In Southern Maryland, tobacco farming is almost gone because of suburban development and tobacco purchase programs of the country.
In an effort to reverse depopulation due to the loss of the working class industry, Baltimore began an urban renewal project in the 1960s with Charles Center and the Baltimore World Trade Center. Some lead to a complete split of housing environments, resulting in social volatility, and some old residential areas around the harbor have had renovated units and have become popular with the new population.
Demographics
The US Census Bureau estimates that Maryland's population is 6,006,401 on July 1, 2015, a 4.03% increase since the 2010 US Census.
By 2015 Maryland has an estimated population of 6,006,401, an increase of 29,994, from a year earlier and an increase of 232,849, or 4.03% percent, since 2010. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 189,158 people (ie 464,251 births minus 275,093 deaths ) and an increase due to a net migration of 116,713 people to the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 129,730 people, and domestic migration generated a net loss of 13,017 people.
Maryland's population center is located in the county line between Anne Arundel County and Howard County, in an unconventional community of Jessup.
The history of Maryland as a border country has brought it to exhibit the characteristics of both the North and South regions of the United States. Generally, rural Western Maryland between the West Virginian Panhandle and Pennsylvania has an Appalachian culture; Southern and Eastern Shore regions of Maryland embody Southern culture, while densely populated Central Maryland - radiating out of Baltimore and Washington, D.C.-- has more in common with the Northeast. The US Census Bureau designates Maryland as one of the South Atlantic states, but is usually associated with the Middle Atlantic and/or Northeastern States by other federal agencies, the media, and some residents.
Birth data
In 2011, 58.0 percent of the population of Maryland was younger than age 1 was not white.
Note: The births in the table do not increase, as Hispanics are well-counted by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall score.
- Since 2016, birth data of Hispanic White origin are not collected, but belong to one
group; people from Hispanics may come from any race.
Language
Spanish (including Creole Spanish) is the second most widely spoken language in Maryland, after English. The third and fourth most used languages ​​are French (including Patois and Cajun) and Chinese. Other commonly used languages ​​include various African, Korean, German, Tagalog, Russian, Vietnamese, Italian, various Asian, Persian, Hindi and other Indian, Greek and Arabic languages.
Settlements
Most of the inhabitants of Maryland live in the central state area, in the Metropolitan Area of ​​Baltimore and the Washington Metropolitan Area, both of which are part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Region. The majority of the population of Maryland is concentrated in cities and suburbs around Washington, D.C., as well as in and around Maryland's most populous city of Baltimore. Historically, these cities and many other Maryland cities have flourished along the Autumn Path, lines along rivers, streams, and rivers that are interrupted by rapids and/or waterfalls. The capital of Maryland, Annapolis, is one exception to this pattern, as it lies along the banks of the River Severn, close to where it empties into the Chesapeake Bay.
The Eastern Shore is less populous and more rural, as are the areas of western Maryland. The two most western counties of Maryland, Allegany and Garrett, mountainous and sparsely populated, resemble West Virginia and Appalachia more than they do throughout Maryland. Both east and west Maryland, however, are adorned with key regional cities, such as Ocean City, Princess Anne, and Salisbury in Eastern Shore and Cumberland, Frostburg, and Hancock in Western Maryland. Southern Maryland is still somewhat rural, but the suburbanization of Washington, D.C. has expanded significantly since the 1960s; important local population centers including Lexington Park, Prince Frederick, and Waldorf.
Ancestor
In 1970 the Census Bureau reported the population of Maryland as 17.8 percent African-American and 80.4 percent non-Hispanic White.
African Americans make up the bulk of the country's population - nearly 30 percent by 2010. Most are descendants of people who were transported to the area as slaves from West Africa, and many of the mixed breeds, including European ancestors and Native Americans. The new population of African descent includes immigrants of the 20th century and later from Nigeria, especially the Igbo and Yoruba tribes. African American concentrations live in Baltimore City, Prince George's County, outskirts of Washington, D.C., where much work; Charles County, western Baltimore County, and South East Coast.
Upper land reported by the population of Maryland are: Germany (15%), Ireland (11%), United Kingdom (8%), United (7%), Italy (6%), and Poland (3%).
American Irish citizens can be found throughout the Baltimore area, and the suburbs of Washington DC in the East and North in Maryland (their descendants who moved to the formerly Irish neighborhood suburbs), and Western Maryland, where Irish immigrant workers helped build the B & amp; O Railroad. Smaller but much older Irish populations can be found in Southern Maryland, with some roots originating in early Maryland colonies. This population, however, remains culturally very active and the annual festival is held.
Most of the inhabitants of Eastern Shore and Southern Maryland are descendants of British American ancestors. The Eastern Shore is populated by Protestants, mainly Methodists and southern districts originally inhabited by British Catholics. Western and northern Maryland have large German-American populations. More recent European immigrants in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries settled in Baltimore, interested in their industrial work. Many ethnic descendants of Italy, Poland, Czech, Lithuania, and Greece are still living in the area.
Large ethnic minorities include Eastern Europe such as Croatia, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. European immigrant stocks born in Eastern Europe increased significantly between 1990 and 2010. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia, many immigrants from Eastern Europe came to the United States - 12 percent of whom are currently in Maryland.
Hispanic immigrants from the 20th century later settled in Aspen Hill, Hyattsville/Langley Park, Glenmont/Wheaton, Bladensburg, Riverdale Park, Gaithersburg, and Highlandtown and Greektown in East Baltimore. Salvador is the largest Hispanic group in Maryland. Other Hispanic groups with significant populations in the state include Mexicans and Puerto Rico and Honduras. Although Salvador's population is more concentrated in the area around Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rican populations are more concentrated in the Baltimore area, all other large Hispanic groups in the state are evenly distributed between these two regions. Maryland has one of the most diverse Hispanic populations in the country, with significant populations from Caribbean and Central American countries.
Many Jews throughout Montgomery County and in Pikesville and Owings Mills in northwest Baltimore. Asian Americans are concentrated in the suburbs around Washington, D.C. and in Howard County, with American American and Taiwan American communities in Rockville, Gaithersburg, and Germantown and the Filipino community of America at Fort Washington. Many Indian Americans live throughout the state, especially in central Maryland. The Amish/Mennonite community is found at St. Mary's, Garrett, and Cecil counties.
Attracting Asians and Africans educated to professional jobs in the region, Maryland has the largest proportion of racial minorities in the country.
In 2006 645,744 were counted as foreign-born, representing most people from Latin America and Asia. About 4.0 percent are undocumented immigrants. Maryland also has a large Korean American population. In fact, 1.7 percent are Koreans, while overall, nearly 6.0 percent are Asians.
According to The Williams Institute analysis of the 2010 US Census, 12,538 same-sex couples live in Maryland, representing 5.8 same-sex couples per 1,000 households.
By 2016, non-Hispanic white Americans are 51.5% of the population of Maryland, making Maryland on the brink of becoming a minority majority country. 48.5% of Maryland's population are non-white and/or Hispanic/Latino, the highest percentage of each state on the East Coast and the highest percentage after minority minority countries Hawaii, New Mexico, Texas, California and Nevada. Non-Hispanic whites in Maryland, the majority in 2016, are expected to become plural ethnic groups within 5 years 2015. After Nevada in 2016, Maryland is projected to become the next state to become a minority majority due to the growth of Africa-the Americas, Asia, and Latin. By 2031, minorities are projected to be the majority of the citizens entitled to vote from Maryland.
Religion
Maryland is historically prominent in the American Catholic tradition because the English colony of Maryland is intended by George Calvert as a paradise for British Catholics. Baltimore was the center of the first Catholic bishop in the US (1789), and Emmitsburg was the home and burial ground of the first canonized American-born citizen, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton. Georgetown University, the first Catholic University, was founded in 1789 in what was then part of Maryland. Basilica of the National Shrine The Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Baltimore is the first Roman Catholic cathedral built in the United States, and the Archbishop of Baltimore is, albeit without a formal primacy, quasi-quasi-US primacy, and often cardinal. Among immigrants of the 19th and 20th centuries from eastern and southern Europe many Catholics.
Despite its historical relevance to the Catholic Church in the United States, the percentage of Catholics in the state of Maryland is below the national average of 20%. Demographically, neither Protestants nor those who do not identify religion more than Catholics.
According to Pew research, 69 percent of Maryland's population identify as Christians. The largest religious group in Maryland in 2010 was: The Catholic Church with 837,338 adherents in Maryland, followed by non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 298,921 members, and United Methodist Church with 238,774. The Southern Baptist Convention has 150,345 members. Judaism is the largest non-Christian religion in Maryland with 241,000 followers, or 4 percent of the total population. World Headquarters of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Headquarters are located in Silver Spring, just outside the District of Columbia.
Economy
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maryland's gross country product in 2016 is $ 382.4 billion. However, Maryland has used Indigenous Progress Indicators, welfare indicators, to guide the country's development, rather than relying only on growth indicators such as GDP. According to the US Census Bureau, Maryland's current household is the richest in the country, with average household incomes in 2013 of $ 72,483 placing it ahead of New Jersey and Connecticut, respectively ranks second and third. The two Maryland counties, Howard and Montgomery, are the second and eleventh richest districts in their respective countries. Maryland ranked No. 1 with the most millionaires per capita in 2013, with a ratio of 7.7 percent. Also, the country's poverty rate of 7.8 percent is the lowest in the country. per capita personal income in 2006 was $ 43,500, fifth in the country. In February 2018, the country's unemployment rate was 4.2 percent.
The economic benefits of Maryland from the state's proximity to the federal government in Washington, DC with an emphasis on technical and administrative tasks for the defense/aerospace industry and research laboratories, as well as satellite government headquarters staff in the suburbs or cities of Baltimore./Washington Area. Ft. Meade serves as the headquarters of the Defense Information Systems Agency, the Cyber ​​Command of the United States, and the National Security Agency/Security Center. In addition, a number of educational and medical research institutions are located in the state. In fact, the various components of The Johns Hopkins University and its medical research facility are now the largest single company in the Baltimore area. Overall, white-collar technical and administrative workers comprise 25 percent of Maryland's workforce, partly due to nearby Maryland being part of the Washington Metro Area where federal government office work is relatively high.
Manufacturing, while large in dollar terms, is highly diversified without the sub-sector contributing more than 20 percent of the total. Common forms of manufacturing include electronics, computer equipment, and chemicals. The once powerful primary metal sub-sector, which at that time included the world's largest steelmaker at Sparrows Point, still exists, but is suppressed by foreign competition, bankruptcy and mergers. During World War II Glenn Martin Company (now part of Lockheed Martin) aircraft factory employs about 40,000 people.
Mining apart from construction materials is almost limited to coal, located in the western part of the mountainous state. The brownstone mining in the east, which gave Baltimore and Washington much of their characteristic architecture in the mid-19th century, was once the dominant natural resource. Historically, there used to be a small gold mining operation in Maryland, some near Washington, but this no longer exists.
Port Baltimore
One of the main service activities is transportation, centered in Baltimore Harbor and access trains and trucks. The port is ranked 17th in the US with tonnage in 2008. Although the port handles a wide range of products, the most common imports are raw materials and bulk commodities, such as iron ore, petroleum, sugar, and fertilizers, often distributed to nearby manufacturing centers inland Midwest through good land transportation. The port also receives several different brands of imported vehicles and is the number one port of the US car.
The city of Baltimore is the eighth largest port in the country, and was at the center of the February 2006 controversy over the Dubai Ports World deal as it was considered very strategic. The country as a whole is highly industrialized, with a booming economy and an influential technology center. The computer industry is the most sophisticated in the United States, and the federal government has invested heavily in the area. Maryland is home to several major military bases and a number of high-level government jobs.
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is a 14-mile (23 km) canal in the Eastern Shore that connects the waters of the Delaware River with the Chesapeake Bay, and in particular with the Port of Baltimore, carrying 40 percent of harbor traffic.
Agriculture and fishing
Maryland has a large food production sector. A major component of this is commercial fishing, centered on the Chesapeake Bay, but also includes activities off the Atlantic coast short. The largest catches by species are blue crabs, oysters, striped bass, and menhaden. The Bay also has excess waterfowl in a wildlife refuge. Waterfowl supports the sports tourism sector.
Maryland has a vast area of ​​fertile farmland in the coastal zone and Piedmont, although the use of this land is being plagued by urbanization. Agriculture oriented to dairy farms (especially in hilly and piedmont areas) to nearby major city milksheads plus special horticultural crops that are easily damaged, such as cucumbers, watermelons, sweet corn, tomatoes, muskmelons, pumpkins, and peas (Source: USDA Plant Profile ). In addition, the southern district of the Chesapeake Bay west coast line is warm enough to support the tobacco harvest zone, which has existed since the early Colonial era but greatly decreased after state government purchases in the 1990s. There is also a large automated chicken breeding sector in the southeastern part of the country; Salisbury is home to Perdue Farms. The Maryland food processing plant is the most important type of manufacturing based on value in the state.
Biotechnology
Maryland is a major center for biological science research and development. With over 400 biotechnology companies located there, Maryland is the fourth largest nexus in this field in the United States.
Institutions and government agencies with interests in research and development located in Maryland include Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, more than one campus of the University of Maryland System, Goddard Space Flight Center, US Census Bureau, National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Celera Genomics Company, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) , and MedImmuneÃ, - was recently purchased by AstraZeneca.
Maryland is home to defense contractor Emergent BioSolutions, which produces and provides anthrax vaccines to US government military personnel.
Tourism
Popular tourism in Maryland, with tourists visiting the city of Baltimore, the beaches of the Eastern Shore, and western Maryland, as well as many people passing through Washington, DC, Baltimore attractions including Harborplace, Baltimore Aquarium, Fort McHenry, and Camden Yards baseball stadium. Ocean City on the Atlantic Coast has been a popular beach destination in the summer, especially since the Chesapeake Bay Bridge was built in 1952 connecting the East Coast to more populous Maryland cities. The state capital of Annapolis offers sites such as the Parliament building, the historic district, and the beach. Maryland also has some interesting sites for military history, given the role of Maryland in the American Civil War and in the War of 1812. Other attractions include historic and scenic cities along Chesapeake Bay, such as Saint Mary's, Maryland's first colonial settlement and native capital.
Transportation
The Maryland Department of Transportation oversees most transportation in the state through its various governmental levels. The Maryland Transportation Authority maintains and operates eight state toll facilities.
Road
The Interstate Maryland highway includes 110 miles (180 km) of Interstate 95 (I-95), which enters the northeastern part of the country, travels through Baltimore, and becomes part of the eastern Beltway Capital to the Woodrow Wilson Bridge. I-68 traveled 81 miles (130 km), connecting the western part of the state with I-70 in the small town of Hancock. I-70 enters from northern Pennsylvania Hancock and continues east as far as 93 miles (150 km) to Baltimore, connecting Hagerstown and Frederick along the way.
I-83 has 34 miles (55 km) in Maryland and connects Baltimore to southern central Pennsylvania (Harrisburg and York, Pennsylvania). Maryland also has an 11-mile (18 km) section of I-81 that travels through a country near Hagerstown. I-97, fully contained in Anne Arundel County and the second shortest (17.6 mile (28.3 km)) one or two-digit Interstate highway that connects the Baltimore area to the Annapolis area. Hawaii has a shorter one.
There are also some additional Interstate highways in Maryland. Among them are two beltways that surround the major cities of the region: I-695, Beltway McKeldin (Baltimore), which surrounds Baltimore; and part of I-495, the Beltway Capital, which surrounds Washington, DC I-270, which connects Frederick county with Northern Virginia and the District of Columbia through the main outskirts to northwest Washington, is the main and fourteen-point commuter route at point- point.
Both I-270 and Capital Beltway are very crowded; however, the Intercity Connector (ICC; MDÃ, 200) reduces some congestion over time. ICC development is a major part of the former campaign platform of Governor Robert Ehrlich, who served from 2003 to 2007, and Governor Martin O'Malley, who succeeded him. The I-595, which is an undated highway along with US $ 50/US $ 301, is the country's longest undocumented state and connects Prince George's County and Washington D.C. with Annapolis and the Eastern Shore via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge.
Maryland also has a state highway system that contains routes 2 through 999, but most of the higher numbered routes are not signed or relatively short. Major state highways include Route 2 (Governor of Ritchie Highway/Solomons Island Road/Southern Maryland Blvd.), 4 (Pennsylvania Avenue/Southern Maryland Blvd./Patuxent Beach Road/St. Andrew's Church Road), 5 (Branch Avenue/Leonardtown Road Point Lookout Road, 32, 45 (York Road), 97 (Georgia Avenue), 100 (Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway), 210 (Indian Head Highway), 235 (Three Notch Road), 295 (Baltimore-Washington Parkway), 355 (Wisconsin Avenue/Rockville Pike/Frederick Road), 404 (Highway Highway Queen Anne), and 650 (New Hampshire Avenue).
Airport
Maryland's largest airport is Washington-Thurgood International Airport of Baltimore-Washington, more commonly referred to as BWI. The airport is named for Baltimore-born Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court justice. The only other airport with commercial services is in Hagerstown and Salisbury.
Suburbs of Maryland Washington, D.C. also served by two other airports in the area, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and Dulles International Airport, both in Northern Virginia. College Park Airport is the oldest in the country, founded in 1909, and still in use. Wilbur Wright trains military aviators at this location.
Rel
Amtrak trains, including high-speed Acela Express serve Penn Station in Baltimore, BWI Airport, New Carrollton, and Aberdeen along Washington D.C. to Boston Northeast Corridor. In addition, train service is provided to Rockville and Cumberland by Amtrak's Washington, D.C., to Chicago Capitol Limited.
Metrorail rapid transit and metrobus of the local WMATA bus system (the 2nd and 6th busiest in each mode state) provides services in Montgomery and Prince George districts and connects them to Washington DC, with express Metrobus Route B30 serve BWI Airport. The Maryland Transit Administration (often abbreviated as "MTA Maryland"), the state department of Maryland Transportation Department also provides transit services within the state. Headquartered in Baltimore, MTA transit services are mostly focused in central Maryland, as well as parts of Eastern Shore and Southern MD. The Baltimore Light Rail and Metro Metro system caters to the densely populated inner city and the surrounding suburbs. The MTA also serves the city and surrounding areas with a local bus service (the country's 9th largest system). The MTA Commuter Bus System provides an express trainer service on a longer route connecting Washington D.C. and Baltimore to the part of MD Central and South and East Coast. The commuter train service, known as MARC, operates three lines that end at Washington Union Station and provides services to Penn and Camden stations in Baltimore, Perryville, Frederick, and Martinsburg, WV. In addition, many suburban districts operate their own local bus system that connects and complements the larger MTA and WMATA/Metro services.
Public transport railways are handled mainly by two Class I railroads, as well as some smaller regional and local airlines. CSX Transportation has a wider trajectory across the state, with 560 miles (900 km), followed by Norfolk Southern Railway. The main railway base is located in Baltimore and Cumberland, with an intermodal terminal (rail, truck and sea) in Baltimore.
Law and government
The Maryland government is conducted in accordance with the state constitution. The Maryland government, like the other 49 states, has exclusive authority over matters fully within the borders of the state, unless restricted by the Constitution of the United States.
Power in Maryland is divided between three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Maryland General Assembly consists of Maryland House of Delegates and Maryland Senate. The Governor of Maryland is unique in the United States because this office has significant authority in budgeting. The legislature may not increase the budget expenditure proposed by the governor. Unlike many other countries, significant autonomy is given to many Maryland states.
Most of the government business is done in Annapolis, the state capital. Elections for the governor and most of the statewide offices, as well as most of the county elections, are held on the part-time elections of the year (even those that are not divisible by four).
The state government judicial branch comprises a unified Maryland District Court in each county and the City of Baltimore, as well as 24 Circuit Courts located in each County and City of Baltimore, the latter being the general court of jurisdiction for all civil disputes over $ 30,000, 00, all fair jurisdictions and major criminal proceedings. An intermediate appeals court is known as the Special Appeal Court and the state supreme court is the Court of Appeals. The emergence of Maryland Court of Appeal judges is unique; Maryland is the only country that judges wear red robes.
Taxation
Maryland imposes five income tax brackets, ranging from 2 to 6.25 percent of personal income. The city of Baltimore and 23 Maryland counties collect local "piggyback" income taxes at rates between 1.25 and 3.2 percent of Maryland's taxable income. Local officials charge tariffs and revenues are returned to the local government every quarter. The top income tax bracket of 9.45 percent is the state's fifth highest state and local tax rate, behind New York City 11.35 percent, California 10.3 percent, Rhode Island 9.9 percent, and Vermont 9.5 percent.
Maryland state sales tax is 6 percent. All real property in Maryland is subject to property taxes. Generally, property owned and used by religious, charitable, or educational organizations or property owned by the federal, state or local government is exempt. Property tax rates vary greatly. There are no restrictions or restrictions on property taxes imposed by the state, which means cities and districts may set tax rates at the level they deem necessary to fund government services.
Selection
Since before the Civil War, the selection of Maryland was largely controlled by the Democrats
The state election is dominated by Baltimore and the densely populated suburbs bordering Washington, D.C.: Montgomery and Prince George's. Forty-three percent of the country's population resides in these three jurisdictions, each consisting of a large and traditionally Democratic voting bloc: African Americans in Baltimore and Prince George, federal employees in Prince George's and Montgomery, and graduate students at Montgomery. The rest of the country, especially Western Maryland and the East Coast, further supports the Republic. One of the most famous political figures in Maryland was former Republican Governor Spiro Agnew, who served as Vice President of the United States under Richard Nixon as Vice President from 1969 to 1973, when he resigned after being informed that he had received a bribe when he is the Governor of Maryland. At the end of 1973 the court found Agnew guilty of violating the tax laws.
In 1980, Maryland was one of six states to choose Jimmy Carter. In 1992, Bill Clinton fared better in Maryland than any other country except his state in Arkansas. In 1996, Maryland was Clinton's sixth best, in 2000 Maryland was ranked fourth for Gore and in 2004 John Kerry showed his fifth best performance in Maryland. In 2008 Barack Obama won 10 state electoral votes with 61.9 percent of the vote for John McCain's 36.5 percent.
In 2002, former Governor Robert Ehrlich was the first Republican to be elected to the post in four decades, and after one term lost his seat to Baltimore Mayor and Democrat Martin O'Malley. Ehrlich ran again for governor in 2010, losing again to O'Malley.
The 2006 election did not bring any change in the pattern of Democratic domination. After Democratic Senator Paul Sarbanes announced that he was retiring, Democratic Congressman Benjamin Cardin defeated Republican Lieutenant Governor Michael S. Steele, with 55 percent of the vote, against Steele 44 percent.
While Republicans typically win more territory, accumulating large margins in the west and east, they are also usually flooded by a denser, heavily democratic Baltimore-Washington axis. In 2008, for example, McCain won 17 districts to Obama's six; Obama also brought the City of Baltimore. While McCain won most of the western and eastern regions with 2-to-1 or more margins, he was virtually completely covered in larger territories around Baltimore and Washington; every large area except Anne Arundel chose Obama.
From 2007 to 2011, US congressman Steny Hoyer (MD-5), a Democrat, was elected Majority Leader to the 110th Congress of the House of Representatives, and the 111th Congress, on duty at the post. The district covers parts of Anne Arundel and Prince George, in addition to all the districts of Charles, Calvert, and St.. Mary in southern Maryland.
In 2010, Republicans won control of most of the region. The Democratic Party still controls eight local governments including the City of Baltimore.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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