The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. and has been the home of every US President since John Adams in 1800. The term is often used as a metonym for the president and his counsel.
The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in neoclassical style. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using white painted Aquia Creek sandstone. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) added low poles on each wing that hid the cage and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the house was burned by the British Army at Burning of Washington, destroying the inside and burning most of its exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved to a partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. The exterior construction continued with the addition of a semi-circular South portico in 1824 and the northern portico in 1829.
Due to the crowd inside the mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all the work offices transferred to the newly built West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, which at finally moved because the part was expanded. In the main mansion, the third floor attic was converted into a residence in 1927 by adding an existing hip roof with a long roof. The newly built East Wing is used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's column links the new wing. East Wing changes were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. In 1948, the load-bearing exterior walls and the internal wooden beams found close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior space was completely demolished and the steel frame of new internal loads built inside the wall. After this work is completed, the interior space is rebuilt.
Modern White House complexes include Executive Residence, West Wing, East Wing, Eisenhower Executive Office Building - former Department of Foreign Affairs, now office for staff of President and Vice President - and Blair House, resident guest. Executive Residence consists of six floors - Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Three Floor, as well as two-story basement. This property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of President's Park. In 2007, it was ranked second in the American Institute of Architects' "America's Favorite Architecture" list.
Video White House
Sejarah awal
1789-1800
After his inauguration in April 1789, President George Washington occupied two executive luxury homes in New York City: Samuel Osgood House on 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 - February 1790), and Alexander Macomb House on 39-41 Broadway (February-August 1790). In May 1790, New York began construction of the Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790.
The 1790 Residence Act in July named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a period of 10 years while the Federal City is under construction. Philadelphia City rented the town house of Robert Morris at 190 High Street (now 524-30 Market Street) for the Washington president's residence.
The first US president occupied the Market Street house from November 1790 to March 1797 and transformed it in a way that might affect the design of the White House. As part of a wasted effort to set up Philadelphia as the capital of a permanent state, Pennsylvania built the home of a more magnificent president, a few blocks away, but Washington refused to occupy it.
President John Adams also occupied the Market Street house from March 1797 to May 1800. On Saturday, November 1, 1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The President's House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, while the unused presidential home became home to the University of Pennsylvania.
Architectural Competition
The Presidential House is a key feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's plans for a newly-established federal city, Washington, D.C. (see: Meal Plan). The White House architect was selected in a design competition that received nine proposals, including one anonymously proposed by Thomas Jefferson.
President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina in May 1791 on the "South Tour", and saw the County Courthouse under construction designed by Irish architect James Hoban. He was famous for meeting Hoban at the time. The following year, he called the architect to Philadelphia and met him in June 1792.
On July 16, 1792, the President met with federal city commissioners to make his judgment in an architectural competition. His review was recorded as brief, and he quickly selected the Hoban submissions.
But Washington was not entirely satisfied with its original submission; he felt it was too small, lacking ornaments, and not monumental enough to be president of the country. On his recommendation, the house was converted from three floors into two and expanded from a nine-bay facade to an 11-bay facade. Hoban's competition picture did not last.
Design effect
The building has a classical source of inspiration, which can be found directly or indirectly in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in the style of Andrea Palladio; Palladio became the architect of the Renaissance Italians who had a profound influence on Western architecture (Palladian architecture). The building designed by Hoban is convincingly influenced by the upstairs Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of Oireachtas (the Irish parliament). Several other Georgian Irish state houses have been proposed as a source of inspiration for the overall floor plan, details such as front fronts swung forward, and interior details such as the former niche in the Blue Room today. This influence, though not documented, is cited in official White House guidelines, and in the publication of the White House Historical Association. The first White House official guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban design to South Portico and ChÃÆ'Â ¢ teau de Rastignac, the country neoclassical home located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat. Construction in French homes originally started before 1789, disrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and finally built from 1812-1817 (based on pre-1789 Salat design). The theoretical relationship between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France. Connection supporters claim that Thomas Jefferson, during his tour in Bordeaux in 1789, saw pictures of the Salat architecture (which is in the archives at the College) in ÃÆ'â € cole SpÃÆ'Â © ciale d'Architecture (Bordeaux Architectural College). Upon his return to the US, he later shared his influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe.
Construction
The construction of the White House began with the laying of the first stone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony. The primary residence, as well as the foundation of the house, was built largely by enslaved and free African-American workers, and working Europeans. Many other work at home is done by immigrants, many of whom are not yet citizens. The sandstone wall was erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban, as were the decorations of roses and tall bouquets above the north entrance and the "fish scale" pattern under the window shades. There are conflicting claims about where the sandstone used in the building of the White House originated. Some reports show sandstone from the Croatian Bra island? (especially Pu? I? a querry whose stone was used to build the ancient Roman palace of Emperor Diocletian) was used in the original construction of the building, otherwise researchers believe limestone from the island was used in a 1902 renovation and not an original construction. Others say the original sandstone came only from Aquia Creek in Stafford County, Virginia, because importing the stone would be too expensive. Initial construction took place over eight years, with reported costs of $ 232,371.83 (equivalent to $ 3,350,711 today). Although not finished, the White House is ready to be occupied about 1 November 1800.
Disadvantages, including material and labor, forced a change in the previous plan developed by French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfant for the "palace" which is five times larger than the house that was eventually built. The finished structure contains only two main floors, not three planned, and the cheaper brick serves as a layer for stone faÃÆ'§ades. When construction is finished, porous sandstone walls are adorned with a mixture of chalk, rice glue, casein, and tin, giving the house a familiar color and name.
Since this is a well-known structure in America, several replicas of the White House have been built.
Architectural description
The northern front is the main façade of the White House and consists of three floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by the rising road and parapet, so the façade appears to be two floors. The central three-section gulf is behind the prosthetic fibers (these are later additions to the house, built around 1830) serving, thanks to the train ramp, as porte cochere. The windows of the four bays flanked the porch, on the first floor, alternately sharpened and segmented, while on the second floor the pedals were flat. The main entrance in the center of the porch is overcome by a lunette flashlight. Above the entrance is a sculpted flower ornament. The roof line is hidden by the balustraded barrier wall.
Façade south of the house is a combination of Palladian and neoclassical architectural styles. It's three floors, everything looks. Ground floor was destroyed in Palladian mode. In the center of the façade is a neoclassical projecting arc of three bays. The bow is flanked by five bays, a window which, as in the northern façade, has alternating segmented and tapered pediments on the first level floor. The bow has a double ground floor staircase that leads to an elliptical loggia of ions (with Truman's Balcony on the second floor), known as the south foyer. The more modern third floor is hidden by the balustraded barrier wall and does not play a part in the façade composition.
Naming convention
The building was originally referred to as "Presidential Palace", "Presidential Palace", or "House of President". The earliest evidence of the community calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811. A myth emerged that during the redevelopment of structures after Burning Washington, white paint was applied to cover up the burns of his burns, giving the building a hue of its namesake. The name "Executive Mansion" was used in an official context until President Theodore Roosevelt established its official name by having the "White House-Washington" engraved on stationery in 1901. The words and writing of the current letter "White House" with the word "Washington" Centered back down to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Although the structure was not completed until several years after George Washington's presidency, there was speculation that the traditional resident name of the President of the United States might have come from the home of Martha Washington, the White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first President had approached the First Lady in the mid-18th century.
Maps White House
The Evolution of the White House
Initial use, fire 1814, and redevelopment
On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take up residence in the building. During the second day of Adams at home, he wrote a letter to his wife, Abigail, which contained a prayer for the house. Adams writes:
I pray Heaven to give the best of blessings in this House, and all that will occupy it later. May there be no honest and wise people who have ever reigned under this roof.
Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessings carved on a shelf in the State Dining Room.
Adams stayed home shortly before Thomas Jefferson moved into "delightful country residence" in 1801. Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and a grand grand bargain"), Jefferson considered how the White House could be added. With Benjamin Henry Latrobe, he helped design the designs for East and West Columns, a small wing that helps hide domestic laundry, cage and storage operations. Today, the Jefferson poles connect the dwellings with the East and West Wing.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was burned by British troops during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for the burning of the Upper Canadian Parliament Building in the Battle of York; most of Washington is affected by this fire as well. Only the exterior walls are left, and they must be torn down and mostly reconstructed due to weakening of flames and exposure to subsequent elements, except for parts of the south wall. Of the items taken from the White House when searched by British troops, only two have been found. Employees and slaves rescued George Washington's paintings, and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington. Some observers allege that most of this spoils were lost when the British ship convoy led by HMS
After the fire, President James Madison stayed at The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then the Seven Buildings from 1815 until the end of his term. Meanwhile, both architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and supervision of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 to 1817. The south porch was built in 1824 during the reign of James Monroe; the northern porch was built six years later. Although Latrobe proposed the same porch before the fire in 1814, the two porticos were built as designed by Hoban. The elliptical portico in Château de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France with an almost identical curved staircase speculates as a source of inspiration because of its resemblance to South Portico, although this is one of the great debates. Italian craftsmen, brought to Washington to help build the US Capitol, carved a decorative sculpture on both porticoes. Contrary to speculation, North Portico does not replicate the same portico in other Dublin buildings, the Viceregal Lodge (now the Ã…Æ' ras an UachtarÃÆ'¡in , the residence of the President of Ireland), for the White House portico design passport. For North Portico, variations on Ionic Order are designed by inserting a single rose between volutes. This was done to connect the new porch with the previously carved roses above the entrance.
Jostle and build West Wing
At the time of the American Civil War, the White House became too full. The White House location is questionable, to the north of the canal and swampy soil, providing conditions for malaria and other unhealthy conditions. Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was assigned to propose solutions to solve this problem. He proposed to abandon the use of the White House as a residence and to design new housing for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington, D.C., but Congress rejected the plan.
When Chester Arthur came to power in 1881, he ordered a renovation to the White House to take place soon after the newly widowed Lucretia Garfield moved. Arthur inspects the job almost every night and makes some suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to help. More than twenty furniture carts and household items were removed from the building and sold at public auction. Everything saved is a portrait of John Adams and Martin Van Buren busts. A proposal was made to build a new house south of the White House, but failed to gain support.
In the autumn of 1882 work was done in the main corridor, including coloring pale olive walls and adding gold leaf squares, and decorating gold and silver ceilings, and colored ornaments knitted to spell "AS". The Red Room is painted a dull red Pomeranian, and the ceiling is decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and red, white, and blue stripes. A fifteen-foot tiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble masts, replaced the glass doors separating the main corridor from the north of the hall.
In 1891, First Madame Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including the National Wing to the east for a historical art gallery, and wings in the west for official functions. A plan was made by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham, which reflects Harrison's proposal. These plans were eventually rejected.
However, in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & amp; White to expand and renovate in neoclassical style to fit the architecture of the building, remove the Tiffany screen and all the additional Victorian styles. Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project, which provided more living space to the President's extended family by moving a ladder in the West Hall and moving the executive office staff from the second floor of the residence to the new West Wing.
President William Howard Taft requested the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office. In 1925, Congress enacted a law allowing the White House to receive furniture and art gifts for the first time. The West Wing was damaged by a fire in 1929, but was rebuilt during the rest of Herbert Hoover's presidency. In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to Rose Garden.
Truman Reconstruction
Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth-floor attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony above the southern portico to Harry S. Truman took a large toll on bricks and sandstone structures built around wooden skeletons. In 1948, the house was declared to be in danger of destruction, forcing President Truman to reconstruct and stay across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951. The work done by Philadelphia contractor John McShain was required. complete disassembly of interior space, internal steel frame construction of loads and reconstruction of original rooms within the new structure. Total renovation cost is about $ 5.7 million (US $ 54 million in 2018). Several modifications to the floor plan were made, the biggest was the large ladder rearrangement to open into the Front Hall, rather than the Front Hall. Central AC is added, as well as two additional sub-basements that provide space for work space, storage, and bomb shelter. The Trumans' family moved back to the White House on 27 March 1952. While the house structure remained intact by Truman's reconstruction, many of the new interior parts were generic, and of little historical value. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the redevelopment of 1814-1816, was too damaged to re-install, as was the original strong Beaux Arts panel in the East Room. President Truman has the original sawed wooden framework; the walls of the Vermeil Room, the Library, the Chinese Room, and the Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence lined with wood from the wood.
Jacqueline Kennedy restoration
Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (1961-63), led the redecoration of a very large and historic house. He requested the help of Henry Francis du Pont from the Winterthur Museum to help collect the artefacts for the mansion, many of which were once housed there. Other antiques, fine paintings, and Kennedy period improvements were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, Jane Engelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family.
StÃÆ' © phane Boudin of House of Jansen, a worldwide Paris interior design firm, was hired by Jacqueline Kennedy to help decorate. The different periods of the early republic and world history were chosen as the theme for every room: the Federal style for the Green Room, the French Empire for the Blue Room, the American Empire for the Red Room, Louis XVI for the Yellow Oval Room, and Victoria for Presidential Studies, renamed Space Agreement. Antique furniture is obtained, and decorative fabrics and trim based on period documents are produced and installed. Kennedy Restoration produces a more authentic White House, reminiscent of the French flavors of Madison and Monroe. In the Diplomatic Reception Room, Ny. Kennedy put up an antique wallpaper of "Vue de l'Amà © à © rique Nord" which Zuber & amp; Cie had designed it in 1834. The wallpaper was previously hanging on the walls of another house until 1961 when the house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was rescued and sold to the White House.
The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy. The sale of guidebooks helps finance restoration.
Kennedy showed the restoration of the White House to the public on a home television tour on Valentine's Day in 1962.
White House since Kennedy restoration
Congress passed a law in September 1961 declaring the White House a museum. Furniture, fixtures, and decorative arts can now be expressed as history or artistic interest by the President. This prevents them from being sold (as many objects in the executive mansion have existed in the last 150 years). When not used or displayed in the White House, these items must be submitted to the Smithsonian Institution for conservation, study, storage, or exhibition. The White House reserves the right to return these items.
Out of respect for the White House's historic character, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since Truman's renovation. Since Kennedy's restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to private venues from the White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the Space of the State. Charged with maintaining the White House's historical integrity, the congress's official committee worked with each of the First Families - usually represented by First Lady, White House Curator, and Usher Chief - to carry out family proposals to change homes.
During the Nixon Administration (1969-1974), First Lady Pat Nixon renovated the Green Room, Blue Room and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon. Efforts Ny. Nixon carries more than 600 artifacts to the home, the largest acquisition by any administration. Her husband created a modern press room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool. Nixon also added a bowling lane to the White House basement.
The first laser computers and printers were added during Carter's administration, and the use of computer technology expanded during the Reagan administration. An innovation of the Carter era, a set of solar water heating panels mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency. Redecorations were made to a private family place and maintenance was made to the public area during the Reagan years. The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.
In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton updated several rooms with the help of Arkansas decorators, Hockersmith Feet, including the Oval Office, the East Room, the Blue Room, the State Dining Room, the Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Room. During George W. Bush's administration, First Lady Laura Bush updated the Lincoln Bedroom in a contemporary style with the Lincoln era; The Green Room, the Cabinet Room and the Theater are also updated.
The White House became one of the first government buildings accessible to wheelchairs in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of paralysis. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, on the advice of Melinda N. Bates Visiting Office Director, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor. This allows easy wheelchair access for public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.
In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar heaters. These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for presidential swimming pools and spas. 167 solar panels tied up solar panels are installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The change was not made public as a White House spokesman said the change was an internal matter. The story was picked up by an industry trade journal. In 2013, President Barack Obama has a set of solar panels mounted on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power will be used for presidential residence.
The President usually travels to and from the White House yard through official motorcycles or helicopters. Helicopter trips were inaugurated in the 1950s when President Dwight D. Eisenhower began traveling on Marine One to and from his official residence.
Layout and facilities
Today the building group that became the residence of the presidency is known as the White House Complex. This includes the Central Executive Residence flanked by East Wing and West Wing. Usher's head coordinates daily household operations. The White House includes: six floors and 55,000 feet of 2 of floor area, 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, twenty eight fireplaces , eight staircases, three lifts, five full-time chefs, tennis courts, bowling alleys (one lane), cinema (officially called the White House Family Theater), jogging tracks, swimming pools and putting green. It receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.
Executive Residence
The original residence is in the middle. Two poles - one east and one in the west - designed by Jefferson, now serve to connect East and West Wings added later. The Executive Residence becomes the president's residence, as well as the space for official ceremonies and entertainment. The State Floor of the residential building includes the East Room, the Green Room, the Blue Room, the Red Room, the State Dining Room, the Family Dining Room, the Junction Hall, the Front Hall, and the Grand Staircase. Ground Floor consists of Diplomatic Acceptance Room, Map Room, Chinese Room, Vermeil Room, Library, main kitchen, and other offices. Second floor family residence including Yellow Oval Room, East and West Lounge, White House Main Bedroom, Presidential Dining Room, Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queen Bedroom, plus two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen and living room personal change. The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, the Games Room, the Linen Room, the Diet Kitchen, and the other sitting room (formerly used as President George W. Bush's training room).
West Wing
The West Wing houses the president's office (Oval Office) and its senior staff office, with space for about 50 employees. This also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets, as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Short Press Room, and Roosevelt Room. In 2007, the work was completed on the renovation of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for graphical and graphical displays. The change took 11 months and cost $ 8 million, from which the news outlet paid $ 2 million. In September 2010, a two-year project began in the West Wing, creating a multilevel subterranean structure; this will be followed by additional wing renovations.
The Oval Room, the Roosevelt Room, and other parts of the West Wing were partly replicated on the sound stage and used as the setting for the popular TV show The West Wing.
East Wing
The Eastern Wing, containing additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, the Inter-East Wing intermittently had the office of the First Lady, and the White House Office of the White House. Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place his personal office in the East Wing and officially called it "Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II to conceal the construction of underground bunkers for use in emergencies. Bunker has been known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.
Grounds
The White House and yard covers over 18 hectares (about 7.3 hectares). Prior to the construction of the North Portico, most public events were included from South Lawn, which was assessed and planted by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also devised a planting plan for the North Grass which included large trees that would largely obscure the home of Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-19th century, a larger series of greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the West Wing is currently located. During this period, the North Grass is planted with carpet-style flower beds. The general layout of the White House today is based on the 1935 design by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers company, commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During Kennedy's reign, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon. The Rose Garden is bordered by West Colonnade. Bordered by East Colonnade is Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which was started by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband was assassinated. On the weekend of June 23, 2006, the century-old American Elm tree ( Ulmus americana L.) on the north side of the building, fell in one of the many storms in the midst of a severe flood. Among the oldest trees in the field are some magnolias ( Magnolia grandiflora ) planted by Andrew Jackson, including Jackson Magnolia, reportedly grown from shoots taken from the favorite tree of Jackson's newly deceased wife, planted after Jackson moved to the White House. The tree stands for more than 200 years; but by 2017, being too weak to stand on its own, it was decided that it should be discarded and replaced by one of his descendants. Michelle Obama planted the first White House organic garden and installed a nest at South Lawn of White House, which will supply organic and honey products to the First Family and for state dinners and other official meetings.
Public access and security
Historical accessibility
Like the modeled British and Irish country houses, the White House, from its inception, was open to the public until the early 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inauguration in 1805, and many people at his inauguration ceremony at Capitol followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. The open houses sometimes become rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to go to a hotel when about 20,000 residents celebrated his inauguration in the White House. His assistants end up having to lure the crowds outside with a sink full of a potent orange juice and whiskey cocktail. However, the practice continued until 1885, when the newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged to conduct a presidential review of troops from a stand in front of the White House instead of a traditional open house. Jefferson also permitted a public tour of his home, which has continued since then, except during wartime, and started the tradition of annual receptions on New Year's Day and on the Fourth of July. The receptions ended in the early 1930s, although President Bill Clinton briefly revived the New Year's open house in his first term.
The White House remains accessible in other ways; President Abraham Lincoln complained that he was constantly surrounded by job seekers waiting to inquire about political promises or other help, or eccentric suggestions like "General" Daniel Pratt, as he embarked on a working day. Lincoln survives with annoyance instead of risking some of his peers or friends of a politician or a strong opinion-maker.
Flight incident
In February 1974, a stolen army helicopter landed unlicensed on the White House lawn. Twenty years later, in 1994, a light plane flown by Frank Eugene Corder crashed into the White House compound, and he died instantly.
As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized plane could approach the field.
Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue
On May 20, 1995, primarily in response to the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995, the US Secret Service closed Pennsylvania Avenue for vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Then, the closing extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small lane between the White House and the Financial Building.
After September 11, 2001, this was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the White House Portico and Ellipse. In response to the Boston Marathon bombing, the road was closed to the public as a whole for two days.
The closure of Pennsylvania Avenue has been opposed by an organized civil group in Washington, D.C. They argue that closure impedes unnecessary traffic flows and is inconsistent with well-crafted historical plans for the city. As for security considerations, they noted that the White House is set much farther back from the street than many other sensitive federal buildings.
Before being included in the fenced-in complex that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the west and the Financial Building on the east, this sidewalk serves as a queue area for the daily public tour of the White House. The tour was halted after the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed limited to groups that made prior arrangements through congressional representatives or their embassy in Washington for foreign nationals and sent to background checks, but the White House remained closed to the public. The White House tour is suspended for most of 2013 due to budget constraints after sequestration. The White House is reopened to the public in November 2013.
Protection
The White House complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and Park Police of the United States.
The NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System) is used to maintain airspace over Washington, D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration. The same NASAMS unit has been used to protect the president and all airspace around the White House, which is strictly prohibited for aircraft.
See also
References
Bibliography
- Abbott, James A.; Rice, Elaine M. (1998). Designing Camelot: Kennedy White House Restoration . New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN: 0442025327.
Further reading
External links
- Official website
- The White House Historical Association, with historic photos, online tours and shows, timelines and facts
- The President's Park (White House) part of the Park Service
- The White House Museum, a detailed online tour
- 3D Detailed White House computer models and yards
- Video tour:
- "White House Holiday Tour with Laura Bush". C-SPAN. December 3, 2008.
- "White House Tour". C-SPAN. July 7, 1998.
- "Popular video tour". C-SPAN . Retrieved August 1, 2015 .
- Geographic data associated with the White House in OpenStreetMap
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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