Human feces (or faeces in English English; Latin: fÃÆ'Â|x ) is solid or semipadate food scraps that can not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, but have been decomposed by bacteria in the colon. It also contains bacteria and small amounts of metabolic waste products such as bacteria-modified bilirubin, and dead epithelial cells from the lining of the intestine. It is removed through the anus during a process called a bowel movement. Urine and feces together are called excreta. They vary significantly in appearance (ie size, color, texture), according to the state of the diet, digestive system and general health. Usually human waste is semisolid, with a layer of mucus. Small pieces of harder and less damp dirt can sometimes be seen to have an impact on the distal end (end or bottom). This is a normal occurrence when previous bowel movements are not perfect, and the impurities are returned from the rectum to the large intestine, where water is absorbed.
In medical literature, the term " feces " is more commonly used than "dirt".
Human feces along with human urine are collectively referred to as human feces or human waste. Containing human waste, and preventing the spread of pathogens from human waste through the fecal-oral route, is the main goal of sanitation.
Video Human feces
Characteristics
Classification
Bristol's stool scale is a medical aid designed to classify human waste into seven categories. Sometimes referred to in England as the Meyers Scale, it was developed by KW Heaton at the University of Bristol and first published in the Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology in 1997. The shape of the bench depends on the time spent in the colon.
The seven types of benches are:
- Separate lumps, like nuts (hard to miss)
- Sausage is thick but
- Like a sausage but there is a crack on the surface
- Like a sausage or a snake, smooth and soft
- Smooth blobs with clear edges
- Hairy pieces with uneven edges, soft feces
- Watering, no solid pieces. Fully Liquid
Types 1 and 2 show constipation. Type 3 and 4 are optimal, especially the latter, as this is the easiest to skip. Type 5-7 is associated with an increased tendency for diarrhea or urgency.
Meconium is the first newborn baby droppings.
Color
Human feces varies significantly in appearance, depending on diet and health.
Brown
- Human feces usually have a bright color to a dark brown color, resulting from a combination of bile, and a bilirubin derivative of stercobilin and urobilin, from dead red blood cells. Usually it's semipadat, with a layer of mucus.
Yellow
Pale or gray
- A pale or gray bench may be caused by inadequate bile output due to conditions such as cholecystitis, gallstones, parasitic giardia infections, hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis, or cirrhosis. The bile salts from the liver give stools a brownish color. If there is a decrease in bile output, stools are brighter.
Black or red
- Dirt can become black because of the presence of red blood cells that have been in the intestine long enough to be broken down by digestive enzymes. This is known as melena, and is usually due to bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as from a bleeding peptic ulcer. Conditions that can also cause blood in the stool include hemorrhoids, fissures ani, diverticulitis, colon cancer, and ulcerative colitis. The same color change can be observed after consuming foods containing mostly animal blood, such as black pudding or ti? T canh. Black stools can also be caused by a number of drugs, such as bismuth subsalicylate (an active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol), and iron supplements, or foods such as beets, black liquorice, or blueberries.
- Hematochezia is also part of the bright red stool because of the undigested blood, either lower than the digestive tract, or from a more active source in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Alcoholism can also provoke abnormalities in the blood path throughout the body, including the passage of red-and-black stools. Hemorrhoids can also cause staining of the red surface in the stool, because when they leave the body, this process can press and break the hemorrhoid near the anus.
Blue
Prussian blue, or blue, dyes used in radiation treatment, cesium, and thallium poisoning, can turn stools blue. Substantial consumption of products containing blue food dyes, such as blue curaÃÆ'§ao or wine soda, can have the same effect.Silver
- The color of feces like silver or aluminum like paint usually occurs when any type of biliary obstruction (white stool) joins the gastrointestinal bleeding from any source (black feces). It can also show Vater's carcinoma ampulla, which will produce gastrointestinal bleeding and biliary obstruction, resulting in silver impurities.
Green
- Dirt can be green because it has large amounts of unprocessed bile in the gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea that smells sharp. This can sometimes be the result of eating sweet candy, as it is usually made with fennel oil rather than sweet and sugar-dominated ingredients. Consumption of excessive sugar or a sensitivity to fennel oil can lead to loose and green manure. It can also be generated from consuming excessive amounts of green dye, such as those found in Burger King's Halloween Whopper.
Violet or purple
- Violet or purple dung is a symptom of porphyria.
Smell
The stool has a physiological odor, which can vary according to diet and health status. For example, meat proteins contain lots of sulfur-containing amino acid methionine, which is a precursor of the sulfur-containing compounds that contain below. The smell of human waste is advised to be made from the following volatile odors:
- Methyl sulfide
- methylmercaptan/methanethiol (MM)
- dimethyl sulfide (DMS)
- dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS)
- dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)
- Benzopirol volatile
- indole
- skatole
- Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S)
(H 2 S) is the most common volatile sulfur compound in the stool. The smell of impurities can increase when various pathologies are present, including:
- Celiac disease
- Crohn's disease
- Ulcerative colitis
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Cystic fibrosis
- Intestinal infections, eg. Clostridium difficile infection.
- Malabsorption
- Short bowel syndrome
Efforts to reduce smelly (and flatus) odors are largely based on animal studies conducted with industrial applications, such as reducing the environmental impact of pig farming. See also: Flatulence # Management, smell. Many diet modifications/supplements have been studied, including:
- Activated charcoal (In this study it was found that activated charcoal at a dose of 0.52g four times a day had no significant effect on fecal gas liberation.)
- Bismut subsalicylate
- Chloryphyllyn
- Herbs like rosemary
- Yucca schidigera
- Zinc acetate
Average chemical characteristic
The average human removes 128 g of fresh faeces per person per day with a pH value of about 6.6. Fresh waste contains about 75% water and the remaining solid fraction is 84-93% organic solids.
This organic solid consists of: 25-54% of bacterial biomass, 2-25% protein or nitrogen, 25% carbohydrate or indigestible plant matter and 2-15% fat. Proteins and fats come from the colon because of secretions, epithelial shedding and the action of intestinal bacteria. This proportion varies depending on many factors such as diet and weight.
The remaining solids consist of iron calcium and phosphate, intestinal secretions, small amounts of dry epithelial cells, and mucus.
The fecal pH test for healthy humans is pH 6.6.
undigested food scraps
Sometimes food can appear in the feces. Undigested foods commonly found in human feces are seeds, nuts, corn, and nuts, especially because of their high fiber content. Bits can change the color of different dirt from red. Artificial food colorings in some processed foods, such as colorful breakfast cereal packs, can cause unusual staining if eaten in sufficient quantities.
Objects that are not digested like seeds can pass through the human digestive system, and then sprout. One result of this is a growing tomato plant where sewage sludge treated has been used as a fertilizer.
Maps Human feces
Analytical tools
Stool analysis (stool sample)
A stool clinical laboratory examination, usually referred to as a stool examination or stool test, is performed for the sake of diagnosis; for example, to detect the presence of parasites such as pinworms and their eggs (ovum) or to detect bacteria that spread the disease. Stool culture - the growth of controlled microbial organisms in culture media under laboratory conditions - is sometimes done to identify specific pathogens in the stool. The guaiac stool test (or guaiac occult blood test) is performed to detect the presence of blood in stools that is not clear to the naked eye.
The main pathogens usually sought in the feces include:
- Bacteroides Species
- Salmonella and Shigella
- Yersinia tends to be incubated at 30Ã, Â ° C (86Ã, Â ° F), which is colder than usual
- Campylobacter incubated at 42Ã, Â ° C (108Ã, Â ° F), in a special environment
- Aeromonas
- Candida if the person is immunosuppressed (eg, undergoing cancer treatment)
- E. coli O157 if blood is seen in stool samples
- Cryptosporidium
- Entamoeba histolytica
Intestinal parasites and their eggs (eggs) can sometimes be seen with the naked eye.
Stool markers
Feces can be analyzed for a variety of markers showing various diseases and conditions. For example, the level of stool calprotectin suggests inflammatory processes such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and neoplasm (cancer).
In addition, the stool can be analyzed for every occult fecal blood, which shows gastrointestinal bleeding.
Analysis E. coli bacteria in a water source
Rapid test for fecal contamination of water or soil sources is a check for the presence of E. coli bacteria done with the help of a plate for MacConkey or a petri dish. E. coli unique bacteria develop red colonies at a temperature of about 43 Ã, Â ° C (109Ã, Â ° F) overnight. Although most strains of E. coli are harmless, their presence indicates fecal contamination, and hence the possibility of increasing the presence of more harmful organisms.
Fecal contamination from water sources is highly prevalent throughout the world, accounting for the majority of unsafe drinking water. In developing countries, most waste is disposed of without treatment. Even in developed countries, sanitary waste disposal events are not uncommon and regularly pollute the Seine (France) and the Thames (UK), for example.
Diseases and conditions
Diarrhea
Diarrhea (or diarrhea in English English) is a condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. This condition can be a symptom of injury, disease or foodborne illness and is usually accompanied by abdominal pain. There are other conditions involving some but not all symptoms of diarrhea, and the formal medical definition of diarrhea involves defecation of more than 200 grams per day (although weighing the weight of the stool to determine the diagnosis was never actually performed).
This occurs when the fluid is not adequately absorbed by the large intestine. As part of the digestive process, or due to fluid intake, food is mixed with large amounts of water. Thus, the digested food is essentially liquid before it reaches the large intestine. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a semisolid bench. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, the absorption is inhibited, and the stool results are watery.
Diarrhea is most often caused by various viral infections but also often results from bacterial toxins and sometimes even infections. In clean living conditions and with adequate food and water available, healthy patients usually recover from common viral infections within days and at most weeks. However, for people who are sick or malnourished diarrhea can cause severe dehydration and can become life-threatening without treatment.
Constipation
Constipation refers to intestinal movements that are rare or difficult to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation. Severe constipation includes obstipation (failure to defecate or gas) and fecal impaction, which can develop into intestinal obstruction and become life-threatening.
More
Excess bile is very rare, and not a health threat. Problems that are as simple as serious diarrhea can cause blood in a person's stool. Black stool caused by the presence of blood usually indicates a problem in the intestine (black color is a sign of digested blood), whereas red streaks of blood in the stool are usually caused by bleeding in the rectum or anus.
Usage
Use as fertilizer
Human waste has historically been used as fertilizer for centuries in the form of night soil, fecal mud, and sewage sludge. The use of untreated manure in agriculture poses significant health risks and has contributed to a widespread infection with parasitic worms - a disease called helminthiasis, which affects more than 1.5 billion people in developing countries.
There are several methods available to safely reuse human waste in agriculture according to the "double folding concept" described by the World Health Organization in 2006. The approach to "close the circle" between human waste (sanitation) and agriculture is also called ecological sanitation. This may involve several types of dry toilets such as urine-dried dry toilet or compost toilets.
Stool transplant
In humans, fecal transplantation (or stool transplantation) is a transplant process of fecal bacteria from healthy individuals to recipients suffering from certain diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome. Inoculation resulting from healthy intestinal flora can sometimes improve the intestinal physiology of the recipients.
Fecal bacteriotherapy - also known as stool transplant - is a medical procedure in which the fecal bacteria is transplanted from a healthy individual to a patient. Recent research suggests that this may be a valuable method of rebuilding the destroyed intestinal culture through the use of antibiotics or some other medical treatment.
Biogas production
Biogas produced from impurities when contained in the waste and treated in anaerobic digestion process can be worth as much as 9.5 billion dollars.
Washington DC plans to produce biogas from sewage sludge, a by-product of sewage treatment, which will save 13 million dollars a year.
Paleofeces
Paleofita, also known as koprolite, is an ancient human excrement, often found as part of archaeological excavations or surveys. The complete feces of the ancient people can be found in caves in dry climates and in other locations with appropriate preservation conditions. It was studied to determine the diet and health of the people who produced them through analysis of seeds, small bones, and parasitic eggs found in them. They can also be chemically analyzed for more in-depth information on the individuals who excrete them, using lipid analysis and DNA analysis. The level of success of DNA extraction that can be used is relatively high in paleofeces, making it more reliable than taking skeletal DNA.
Society and culture
Disgust and shame
In all human cultures, feces lead to various degrees of disgust. Disgust is experienced primarily in relation to the sense of taste (both perceived or imagined) and, secondly to anything that causes the same feeling by the sense of smell, touch, or vision. Thus, human waste is regarded as something to be avoided diligently: expelled privately and disposed of immediately and without trace. This is often regarded as an unacceptable topic in polite conversation and only mentioning it can lead to violations in certain contexts.
Sewage is always associated with the lowest among the people, social outcasts, pariahs, and social waste. The caste system in India was created along the lines of the profession and dalit (untouchable) abandoned to do work related to human emissions. They do work like cleaning and taking dirt from the streets, cleaning the toilets, and working with corpses. Such practices are common even today in rural and small villages in India; where it's called "manual scavenging".
An example of repulsion by the filth of the ancient world is found in writings called Deuteronomy used by Jews and Christians:
Define a place outside the camp where you can go to break free. As part of the equipment you have something to dig, and when you let go, dig a hole and cover up your shit. Because the LORD your God is moving in your tents to protect you and to free your enemies. Your tents should be pure, so he will not see among you something indecent and turn away from you.
Anal Cleaning
People from different cultures use a variety of personal cleansing practices after defecation. The anus and buttocks can be washed with liquid or wiped with toilet paper or other solid materials. In many Muslim, Hindu and Sikh cultures, as well as Southeast Asia and Southern Europe, water is commonly used for jet cleaning using jet such as bidet, or most commonly, watered and hand washed. In other cultures (like many Western countries), cleaning after a bowel movement is generally done with toilet paper only.
Terminology and other terms used
There are many synonyms in the informal register for human waste. Many are euphemistic, everyday, or both; some are profane (like dirt ), whereas most belong primarily to speeches intended for children (such as dirt or dirt) or humor (such as turd ).
See also
- Shit Artist
- Defecate
- The fecal-oral route
- Muslim health jurisprudence
- Skatology
References
External links
- Media related to human waste in Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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