the history of the cooperative movement concerning the origin and history of the cooperative. Although cooperative arrangements, such as mutual insurance, and cooperative principles have existed long before, the cooperative movement began with the application of the principle of cooperation to business organizations.
Video History of the cooperative movement
Starter
The cooperative movement began in Europe in the 19th century, mainly in England and France, although The Shore Porters Society claims to be one of the first cooperatives in the world, founded in Aberdeen in 1498 (although it has since been demutualized into a private partnership). The industrial revolution and the mechanism of economic improvement are changing society and threatening the livelihoods of many workers. The simultaneous social and labor movements and issues they are trying to convey describe the climate at that time.
The first documented consumer cooperative was founded in 1769, in an almost unfurnished cottage in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, when the local weavers ruffled a sack of oatmeal into John White's clean white hall and began to sell its contents at a discount, forming the Fenwick Weavers Society..
In subsequent decades, several cooperatives or cooperatives were formed including the Lennoxtown Friendly Victualling Society, founded in 1812.
In 1830, there were several hundred cooperatives. Some were initially successful, but most of the cooperatives established in the early 19th century had failed in 1840. However, the Lockhurst Lane Industrial Co-operative Society (founded in 1832 and now the Heart of England Co-operative Society), and Galashiels and Hawick Co- Community operatives (1839 or earlier, joining the Cooperative Group) are still trading today.
It was not until 1844 when the Rochdale Society of the Fair Pioneers established the "Rochdale Principles" in which they operated their cooperatives, that the basis for the development and growth of the modern cooperative movement was established.
Financially, a cooperative bank, called a credit union in the US, was discovered in Germany in the mid-19th century, first by Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch (1852, urban), then by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1864, countryside). While Schulze-Delitzsch is chronologically earlier, Raiffeisen has proven to be more influential over time - see the history of credit unions. In the UK, friendly societies, community building, and co-store banks are the earliest forms of similar institutions.
Maps History of the cooperative movement
Robert Owen
Robert Owen (1771-1858) is considered the father of the cooperative movement. A Welsh who made his fortune in the cotton trade, Owen believed in putting workers in a good environment with access to education for themselves and their children. These ideas were enacted successfully at cotton factories in New Lanark, Scotland. This is where the first cooperative shop opened. Encouraged by this success, he had the idea of ​​forming "cooperative villages" where workers would drag themselves out of poverty by growing their own food, making their own clothes and eventually becoming self-governing. He tried to form such a community at Orbiston in Scotland and in New Harmony, Indiana in the United States, but both communities failed.
William King
Although Owen inspired the cooperative movement, others - like Dr. William King (1786-1865) - took his ideas and made them more applicable and practical. King believes to start small, and realizes that the working class will need to organize the cooperative for themselves, so he sees his role as one of the instructions. He founded a monthly magazine called The Co-operator , the first edition appeared on May 1, 1828. It provided a mix of cooperative philosophy and practical advice about running a store using cooperative principles. The king advised people not to separate from society, but to form society in society, and start with a shop because, "We have to go to the store every day to buy food and necessities - why we do not have to go to our own store ? "He proposes reasonable rules, such as having a weekly account audit, 3 trustees, and no meeting at the pub (to avoid the temptation to take profits).
The Rochdale Pioneers
The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers is a group of 10 weavers and another 20 in Rochdale, England, formed in 1844. When the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution forced more skilled workers into poverty, these merchants decided to unite to open their own shop selling food which they can not buy. With lessons from previous failed attempts at mind-alignment, they drafted the now famous Rochdale Principles, and over a four-month period they struggled to collect a pound sterling per person for a total of 28 pounds of capital. On December 21, 1844, they opened their store with a choice of butter, sugar, flour, oatmeal, and some very few candles. Within three months, they expanded their choice to include tea and tobacco, and they were quickly recognized for providing high quality items that were not mixed.
CWS and UK Cooperative Groups
The Group of Cooperatives is formed gradually over 140 years from the merger of many independent retail communities, and their communities and wholesale federations. In 1863, twenty years after Rochdale Pioneers opened their cooperative, the Northern Cooperative Society of England was launched by 300 individual cooperatives in Yorkshire and Lancashire. In 1872, it became known as the Society for Commercial Cooperatives (CWS). During the 20th century, smaller communities joined CWS, such as the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society (1973) and the South Suburban Co-operative Society (1984).
In the 1990s, CWS market share has dropped dramatically and many have doubted the sustainability of the cooperative model. CWS sold its factory to Andrew Regan in 1994. Regan returned in 1997 with an offer of £ 1.2 billion for CWS. There are allegations of "bagging the carpet" - new members who merge only to make money from sales - and more serious commercial fraud and leaks. After a long battle, Regan's offer was seen and two senior CWS executives were dismissed and jailed for fraud. Regan was exonerated. This episode refills CWS and its membership base. The Tony Blair Cooperative Commission, chaired by John Monks, makes major recommendations for the cooperative movement, including the organization and marketing of the retail community. In this climate, in 2000, CWS joined the second largest community in the UK, the Cooperative Retail Service.
The headquarters complex is located on the north side of Manchester city center adjacent to Manchester Victoria train station. The complex consists of many different buildings with two New Century House tower blocks and CIS towers that are coated with solar panels.
Other independent societies are part of the Group. The representatives of the communities that are part of the Group are elected to be members of the Group's national council. The Group manages the brand of Cooperatives and the Retail Trade Group of Cooperatives (CRTG), which is the source and promotes goods for food stores. There is a similar purchase group (CTTG) for cooperative travel agents.
Female Guild Cooperative
Alice Acland, editor of the "Women's Corner" in the publication of Cooperation News, and Mary Lawrenson, a teacher, recognized the need for separate women's organizations within the Cooperative Movement and began to organize "Women's League for Distribution of Cooperation" 1883. The League officially met for the first time during the 1883 Co-operative Congress in Edinburgh in a group of 50 women and made Acland the secretary of the organization. In 1884 it had six different branches with 195 members, and the League renamed the Women's Cooperative Guild.
The Guild organizes around the issues of women working and expanding the Cooperative Movement. It continues to publish articles advocating women's involvement in the Cooperative Movement in the "Women's Corner," and then through its own publications such as "The importance of women for the cooperative movement." The Guild also opened a Sunderland cooperative shop in 1902, which served poor working class women. It is involved in many political campaigns on women's health, women's suffrage and pacifism. Until recently the organization participated in social justice activism, but has now closed.
More developments
In Russia, village cooperatives ( obshchina or mir ), operate from pre-serfiks to the 20th century.
Raiffeisen and Schultz-Delitsch developed a cooperative model formulated independently in Germany, credit unions. The model also moved abroad, reaching the United States in the 1880s and the Knights of Labor projects. Leland Stanford, the railway king and the Baron Robber, became the Senator and advocated for the cooperative. In 1920, a national association was formed in the US. The organization began to develop an international program, and in the 1970s, the World Council was formed.
Cooperatives in the US have a long history, including an early factory in the 1790s. In the 1860s Brigham Young began implementing cooperative ideas in Utah, and in the 1880s, the Knights of Labor and the Grange both promoted member-owned organizations. Energy cooperatives were established in the US during the New Depression and Agreement. Various types of cooperatives are established and continue to succeed in various fields: in agriculture, wholesale purchases, telephones, and consumer food purchases.
James Warbasse, an American physician, became the first president of the US National Cooperative Business Association. He wrote extensively on cooperative history and philosophy. Benjamin Ward embarked on an important effort in cooperative economic theory in the 1950s, with Jaroslav Vanek developing a general theory. David Ellerman embarked on a line of theoretical thought that begins with the principles of law, develops primarily the theory of property labor, and subsequently achieves care that evaluates the role of capital in labor-managed enterprises using the conventional economic production formula Q = f (K, L). At one point in the 1990s he worked at the World Bank with Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz.
Cooperative today
Cooperative companies were formed successfully following Rochdale, and an international association was formed in 1895. Cooperative companies are now widespread, with one of the largest and most successful examples being the MondragÃÆ'³n Cooperative Corporation industry in the Basque country of Spain. Mondragon Co-op was founded under the oppressive conditions of Franco Fascia Spain after the building of a community-based democracy of a priest, Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta. They have become a network of highly diverse cooperative companies, major corporations in Spain, and multinational concerns. The cooperative also succeeded in Yugoslavia under Tito where the Working Council gained an important role in management.
In many European countries, cooperative institutions have a dominant market share in the retail banking and insurance business. There are also concrete proposals for the management of public goods cooperatives, such as those by Initiative 136 in Greece.
In England, the cooperative formed the Cooperative Party in the early 20th century to represent members of the cooperative in Parliament. The Co-operative Party now has a permanent election pact with the Labor Party, and some Labor MPs are members of the Cooperative Party. British cooperatives retain significant market share in food retailing, insurance, banking, funeral services, and travel industry in many parts of the country.
Denmark has a strong cooperative movement.
In Germany, rebuilding the country after World War II created a legislative opportunity in which politician Hans Boeckler significantly lobbied for the established Determined Co ("Mitbestimmung") policy, which required large companies to include the Labor Council on the Board of Directors. These policies have an influence on EU policy.
Emilia Romagna, Italy has two separate and powerful cooperative traditions that resist the Cold War intervention by US agencies and have worked effectively in relation to one another.
The cooperative banks have become very successful across Europe, and are able to respond more effectively than most corporate banks during the 2008 mortgage-securities crisis.
The Renewable Energy Cooperative in Europe became important in the early development of wind power in Denmark which began in the 1970s. Germany followed in the early 1990s, first on a larger scale with wind cooperation, then with a citizen movement that challenged nuclear dependence, organized, challenged the energy monopoly there, and succeeded in creating a successful cooperative social enterprise by 1999. A group citizens began operating wind turbines and engaging the widespread community ownership in the UK in 1995. The deregulation of the electric market allows energy-cooperative social entrepreneurs to start creating alternatives to monopolies in different countries. In France, where a very large percentage of the power is generated by nuclear sources, this occurred after 2000. In Spain, wind power was developed by enterprise-led efforts, and it took longer for social companies focused on renewable energy to be established. A similar renewable energy plant in Europe has been set up in a network.
Asians have adapted cooperative models, including some of the most successful in the world. However, the crisis generated by traditional inequalities and shareholder models continues to require civil society and entrepreneurial response, such as the Citizens Coalition for Economic Justice in South Korea, the Seikatsu Club Consumer Cooperative in Japan, and the Independent Women's Association in India. Other noteworthy efforts include Sophon Suphapong's attempts as governor of Thailand with agricultural cooperatives and the contribution of Antonio Yapsutco Fortich in the Philippines helped formulate a cooperative strategy with sugar workers.
The International Labor Organization, originally established in 1919, has a Cooperative Division.
Cooperatives were brought to Latin America and developed there in 1902. Independent efforts to develop employee-owned enterprises or cooperatives have taken place in response to the crisis, such as the IMF-based systemic failure in Argentina in 2001 In Brazil, the World Social Forum Process leads to the articulation of Economic Solidarity, a modern and cooperative formulation of activism, with the MST landless labor movement demonstrating extraordinary social courage and entrepreneurship. In Venezuela, the Hugo ChÃÆ'¡vez government began to provide incentives to cooperatives, which resulted in rapid and extensive developments there.
The cooperative model has a long history in the US, including factories in the 1790s, the Knights of Labor, and the Grange. In Colorado, USA, the Meadowlark cooperative manages the only private free land program in the United States, providing many services to its members who buy and sell together. In New York City, some food cooperatives were set up around 2010, adding to the others, some dating back to the 1970s. The US has several diverse worker cooperatives, such as home care agencies, organic bakeries and engineering companies. Some have incorporated environmental and/or Fair Trade criteria into their products, such as the bakers mentioned above, the Organic Valley, and the Equivalent Stock.
Credit unions were established in the US in 1908. The cooperative structure of their members created a stable governance structure, so that little was affected by the mortgage securities crisis of 2008.
Electric co-operatives became an important economic strategy for rural US districts that began in the 1930s, and continued to operate successfully through events such as Hurricane Sandy in 2012. However, the majority in the US suggest that cooperative values ​​do not necessarily lead to social and environmental awareness progressive, as many remain focused on fossil fuels and nuclear fuel. Nevertheless, new generation renewable cooperatives have begun to be organized.
Agricultural cooperatives in the US have some major successes, including Welch's, Ocean Spray, and Land O'Lakes.
In the United States, a cooperative association was established in 1920. There are currently more than 29,000 cooperatives employing 2 million people with more than $ 652 billion in annual revenue. To meet the needs of newer and smaller cooperative-oriented organizations, the United Federation of Trade Unions was established after 2000.
An alternative method of employee ownership, Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), developed in the US by Louis Kelso and advocated by Senator Russell Long for incentives in the 1974 ERISA law. For example, a large Southeast Asian supermarket chain. California producers, and furniture makers with revenues of more than $ 2 billion, are employee-owned. Employee-owned trusts have also been developed more or less independently, for example in established iron pipe companies
The Fair Trade certification movement was first established in the Netherlands in 1988 with the international headquarters in Bonn nine years later requiring member farmers to form cooperatives.
In 2016, UNESCO wrote "Ideas and practices of organizing common interest in cooperatives" on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage Heritage Assembly.
See also
References
Further reading
- Birchall, Johnston (1997), International Cooperation Movement.
- Curl, John (2009), For Everyone: Revealing Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movement, and Communism in America , PM Press.
- Derr, Jascha (2013), Brazilian and South African cooperative movement
- Greider, William (2003), The Soul of Capitalism.
- Kelly, Marjorie (2012), Has Our Future: The Revolution of Emerging Ownership.
- Nadeau, E.G. & amp; D.J. Thompson (1996), Cooperation!
- Thompson, D.J. (1994), Weavers of Dreams: Founder of Modern Cooperative Movement.
- Whyte, W.F. & amp; K.K. Whyte (1988), Make Mondragon.
- Wolff, Richard (2012), Workplace Democracy: Medicine for Capitalism.
- A brief history of cooperation and mutuality, Ed Mayo (2017)
External links
- Record History
- More than 160 community cooperative guidebooks from the UK and Ireland, 1877-1921, are available online
- Digital Collection on the History of Cooperatives in Utah: "Extension, Company, and Education: Heritage of Cooperation and Cooperation in Utah": Universitas Negeri Utah
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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