People movers or automatic person switching ( APM ) is a small-scale automated guideway transit type system. This term is generally used only to describe systems that serve relatively small areas such as airports, downtown districts or amusement parks.
The term was originally applied to three different systems, developed approximately at the same time. One of them is Skybus, an automated bulk transit system made by Westinghouse Electric Corporation beginning in 1964. The second, alternately called People Mover and Minirail, opened in Montreal at Expo 67. Finally the latter, called PeopleMover or WEDway PeopleMover, became an attraction. which was originally presented by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and opened at Disneyland in 1967. Today, the term "people mover" is generic, and can use technologies such as monorails, duorails, automatic transit guideway or maglev. Propulsion may involve conventional on-board electric motors, linear motors or cable traction.
In general, the larger APM is called by another name. The most common is "automated guideway transport", which includes any automated system size. Some complex APMs deploy small vehicle fleets through the track network with off-line stations, and provide non-stop close service to passengers. Taxi-like system is more commonly referred to as a personal rapid transit (PRT). Larger systems, with vehicles with 20 to 40 passengers, are sometimes referred to as "group rapid transit" (GRT), although the term is less general. Other complex APMs have characteristics similar to mass transit systems, and there is no clear cutting difference between this type of complex APM and the automatic mass transit system. Another term "Light Metro" is also applied to describe systems around the world.
Video People mover
History
Unmanaged Train
One of the first automated systems for human transport is the 'Never-Stop-Railway' controlled by screws, built for the British Royal Exhibition at Wembley, London in 1924. The train consists of 88 unmanned trains, on continuous double tracks along the sides north and east of the exhibit, by flipping round at both ends.
The wagons run on two parallel concrete blocks and are guided by a pulley that runs along the inner side of this concrete beam, and is propelled by holding a screw thread that spins between the rails in the hole; by adjusting the pitch of this thread at different points, the carriage can be accelerated, or slowed down to the walk-in stages of the station, to allow passengers to join and leave. The railway runs reliably for two years of exhibition, and then dismantled.
Small parts of the bed of this track, and a heavy rail bed rail nearby, have been proposed for reuse.
Goodyear and Stephens-Adamson
In late 1949, Mike Kendall, chief engineer and Chairman of the Board of Stephens-Adamson Manufacturing Company, a tire manufacturer and conveyor system based in Illinois, asked Al Neilson, an engineer in the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. Industrial Products Division. , if Goodyear ever considered working on People Movers. He feels that with Goodyear's ability to move large quantities of material to the conveyor belt they should consider moving a group of people.
Four years of engineering design, development and testing led to a joint patent issued for three types of person movers, named Speedwalk, Speedramp, and Carveyor. Goodyear will sell the concept and Stephens-Adamson will produce and install components.
A Speedwalk consists of a flat conveyor belt that rides a series of rollers, or flat slick surfaces, moving at a speed of 1.5 mph (2.4 km/h) (roughly half the walking speed). The passengers will walk to the belt and can stand or walk to the exit point. They are supported by a moving grip. Customers are expected to enter airport terminals, ballparks, train stations, etc. Currently, some manufacturers produce similar units called moving walkways.
Speedramp is very similar to Speedwalk but is used to change altitude; up or down the floor level. This can be accomplished with an escalator, but Speedramp will allow wheeled luggage, small carts, etc. To drive a belt with an estimated operating cost is much lower than the escalator or lift. The first successful installation of Speedramp was in the spring of 1954 at Hudson and Manhattan Train Station in Jersey City, New Jersey to connect the Erie Railroad to Hudson and Manhattan Tubes. This unit is 227 feet (69 m) in length with a 22 feet (6.7 m) increase in grade 15 degrees, and it only costs $ 75,000.
A Carveyor consists of many small booths or cars carrying ten people riding flat conveyor belts from point A to point B. Belts drive a series of motorized rollers. The purpose of the motorized roller is to facilitate gradual acceleration and deceleration speed on the conveyor belt and overcome the tendency of all belts to stretch at start up and during shutdown. At point "A" passengers will enter Speedwalk running parallel to the belt and carveyor car. Cars will move at the same speed as Speedwalk; passengers will enter the car and sit, while the motorized roller will increase the speed of the car until the speed of travel (which will be set depending on the distance to be closed). At point B, Passengers can go down and through a series of slower belts (Speedwalks) go to another Carveyor to another destination or exit onto the road. The cars at point B will continue to revolve around half a circle and then reverse the process of bringing passengers back to point A. The initial installation is to be 42nd Street Shuttle in New York City between Times Square and Grand Central station.
The first mention of Carveyor in the paperback is at The Adventures of Civil Engineering by Neil P. Ruzic (1958), one of a series of books published by Popular Mechanics in 1950 -an in their "Careers" series. In the book, Carveyor has been installed and operates in downtown Los Angeles.
Colonel Sydney H. Bingham, chairman of the New York City Transport Council, has held several meetings with a group of architects who are trying to transform the entire New York City Subway system in the heart of the city to connect Pennsylvania Station, Madison Square Garden, Times Square, Grand Central and several office complexes new together. Some of these architects were involved in other programs, and in later years many variations of the Carveyor person's moves were developed.
In November 1954, the New York City transit authority issued orders to Goodyear and Stephens-Adamson to build a complete Carveyor system between Times Square and Grand Central. Summary and short confirmation can be found in Time magazine on November 15, 1954. under the heading "Subway of the Future". The cost should be under $ 4 million, but the order is never fulfilled due to political difficulties.
Chocolate World in Hershey, Pennsylvania, Disneyland in California, and Walt Disney World in Florida are among the many locations that have used variations of the Carveyor concept.
Other developments
The term 'people mover' was used by Walt Disney, when he and his Imagineers worked at the new Tomorrowland 1967 at Disneyland. The name was used as the working title for the new attraction, PeopleMover. According to Imagineer Bob Gurr, "the name is stuck," and it's no longer a working title.
Beginning in the late 1960s and up to the 1970s, people's movers were an intense development topic around the world. Worried about the increasing congestion and pollution in downtown areas due to the spread of cars, many countries are beginning to study the mass transportation system that will lower the cost of capital to the point where every city is able to deploy it. Most of these systems use high guideways, which are much cheaper to use than underground tunnels. However, lifting the trajectory causes problems with noise, so traditional wheel-on-rail steel solutions rarely occur when they scream when bends are rounded on the tracks. Tired rubber solutions are common, but some systems use hovercraft techniques or various magnetic levitation systems.
Two major APM projects funded by the government are well known. In Germany, Mannesmann Demag and Messerschmitt-BÃÆ'¶lkow-Blohm developed a system known as Cabinentaxi during the 1970s. Cabinetaxi features small cars with four to eight seats called to pick up passengers on demand and drive directly to their destinations. The stations were "offline", allowing the taxi to stop by moving from the main line while the other cars proceeded to their destination. The system is designed so that the car can be adapted to run on or under the track (but not easily converted from one to the other), allowing two-lane movement of an elevated lane just slightly wider than the car. The test line was completed in 1975 and runs until construction is completed in 1979, but no deployment is followed and the companies leave the system not long after.
In the US, the federal bill of 1966 provides funds that lead to the development of the APM system under the Downtown People Mover Program. Four developed systems, Rohr ROMR, AirTrans LTV, APT Ford and Otis Elevator hovercraft design. The main presentation of this system is organized as TRANSPO'72 at Dulles Airport where various systems are presented to delegates from various cities in the US. The prototype system and test tracks were built during the 1970s. One notable example is Pittsburgh's Skybus, proposed by the Port Allegheny County Authority to replace its tram system, which, with its large stretch of private road, is unsuitable for bus conversion. A short demonstration lane was set up in South Park and lots of land was secured for its facilities. However, the opposition appears on the idea that it will replace the tram system. This, combined with technological immaturity and other factors, leads the Port Authority to abandon the project and pursue alternatives. By the early 1980s most politicians had lost interest in the concept and the project was repeatedly devolved in the early 1980s. Only two APMs were developed as part of the People Mover Program in the US, Metromover in Miami, and the Detroit People Mover. The Jacksonville Skyway was built in the late 1980s.
Maps People mover
From development to implementation
Although many government-funded systems are generally considered to be failing, some APM systems developed by other groups are much more successful. Lighter systems with shorter tracks are widely used at airports; the world's first airport shuttle driver installed in 1971 at Tampa International Airport in the United States. APM has now become common in major airports and hospitals in the United States.
Driver-less metros have become common in Europe and parts of Asia. The economy of automated railways tends to reduce the scale associated with "bulk" transport (the largest operating cost is the driver's salary, which is only affordable if the number of very large passengers pays the fare), so small-scale installations are feasible.. So cities are usually considered too small to build a metro (eg Rennes, Lausanne, Brescia, etc.) now do it.
On September 30, 2006, Peachliner in Komaki, Aichi Prefecture, Japan became the nation's first mover to stop the operation.
Manufacturer
heavy APM
- Ansaldo STS
- Bombardier Innovia Metro
- Bombardier Innovia Monorail
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industry
- VÃÆ' Â © hicule Automatique LÃÆ' Â © ger (VAL)
- Hyundai Rotem
Light APMs
- Ansaldo STS
- Bombardier Innovia APM
- DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
- Leitner Group
- Poma Group
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover
- Parry People Movers (PPM)
- Hyundai Rotem
Example
Airport
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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